@article{ author = {Fakor, F and AghaeeNejad, S.M and Moosavi, S.M}, title = {Pathologic Findings of Endocervical Curettage in Routine Colposcopy in Abnormal Pap Smear}, abstract ={Introduction: Cervical cancer is the second most frequent cancer in women. The natural progression of cervical cancer, from pre- cancerous cell change to invasive disease, makes it one of the uniuqely preventable cancer that can be detected by screening (Pap smear, colposcopy) and treated before progression into invasive disease. Objective: Pathologic Findings of Endocervical Curettage in Routine Colposcopy in Abnormal Pap Smear Materials and Methods: This cross- sectional discriptive study has been performed on 126 patients with abnormal pop smears who were refferd to maternity surgery in three different cities (Rasht, Uromieh, Mashhad). Demographic data and inspections of colposcopist, inclouded 1)Results of colposcopy and 2) results of cervical curretages as recorded in a questionnaire. Then, they were compared with endocervical curretage sampling. Pregnant patients with previous surgeries, gynecologic manipulations and patients with imperfect cases were excluded from the study. Results: From all the cases, 94.4% had normal endocervical samples and 5.6% had abnormal ones. The highest incidence of abnormality belongs to the group with LSIL papsmear (low grade lesions in squamous endoepithelial cells). Therefore, it was not significant according to the statistical analysis. The results of endocervical curretages had no correlation with age, consent of colposcopy and pregnancy condition. But these results were significant for both groups (P<0.01). Conclusion: Considering the significant differences in the amount of abnormal endocervical curretages in the group with abnormal colposcopy versus the other group, curretage could be suggested in abnormal cases. Conflict of interest: non declared}, Keywords = {Cervix uteri, Colposcopy, Curettage, Uterine Cervical Neoplasms- Diagnosis}, volume = {22}, Number = {87}, pages = {1-6}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-37-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-37-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {MansourGhanaie, mandana and Asgari, A.S and Haryalchi, K and ZahiriSerori, zib}, title = {Operation Cancellation in Elective Gynecologic and Urologic Surgeries in two Teaching Hospitals}, abstract ={Introduction: One of the most important hospital problems, is revocation of elective surgeries in all around the world. This cancellation could be an index to evaluate the quality of patients care service and triage at hospitals. Objective: The causes of gynecologic and urologic elective surgeries cancellation in two teaching hospitals (Alzahra, Razi) on the day of surgery Materials and Methods: Data were collected about operation cancellation of elective gynecologic and urologic surgeries during 11 years (20th March 2001 to 19th March 2011), retrospectively. The amount and causes of cancelations, patient’s age, the relationship between revocation and seasons and its comparison with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA), were analyzed by SPSS, version 15. Results: From 30684 patients, 2879 were cancelled (9/38%), with the most common cause of cancellation being inappropriate preparation before surgery (33/6%). The rates were 337 (26/1%) for gynecologic surgeries and 631 (39/6%) for urologic ones. The mean age of the patients in the cancelled group was significantly higher than that in the other group (p=0/02). There was a direct correlation between ASA physical status and the amount of repeals. After eliminating the problem, 89/3% underwent operations. Conclusion: Among the causes of cancellation, only 67.04% were avoidable. So establishing a better relationship between patients and their families, and spending more time to recognize, assess and remove the medical problems, could help to decrease the rate of operation cancellations. Conflict of interest: non declared}, Keywords = {Obstetrics, Surgical Procedures, Elective, Urology}, volume = {22}, Number = {87}, pages = {7-14}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-38-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-38-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Mardani-Kivi, M and Asadi, K and Karimi-Mobarakeh, M and BabaeiJandaghi, A and Hashemi-Motlagh, K and Saheb-Ekhtiari, Kh}, title = {Evaluating Surgical Outcomes of Cementless Total Hip Replacement in old Patients}, abstract ={Introduction: Cementless total hip arthroplasty is an accepted alternative in young patients, but in older individuals, its use is still controversial. Objective: To evaluate the clinical and radiological outcome of cementless hip replacement in patients aged 65 years or older using proximally tapered femoral stem implants. Materials and Methods: In this cross- sectional study, 162 patients (173 hips) with a mean age of 69.38±3.8 years (range 65-80 years) who were candidates for and underwent cementless total hip replacement with polyethylene-metal and were followed up for 3-7 years. were entered “Harris Hip Score” (HHS) was applied to assess the functional outcomes. All the patients were screened for early complications (thrombophlebitis of the lower extremity, early dislocation, hematoma, surgical site infection), and late complications (aseptic loosening, dislocation, osteolysis, and need for revision) at 3 and 6 weeks, 3 and 6 months, 1 year post-surgery, and annually thereafter. Results: Patients were followed for an average of 5.5 years (range 3.1-7.3 years). Six hips (3.5%) experienced early-onset complications (1 case of hematoma, 2 cases of symptomatic thrombophlebitis, and 3 cases of premature hip joint dislocation), and 2 cases (1.1%) of delayed-onset dislocation. Not case of aseptic loosening or osteolysis was observed. Mean pre-operative “Harris Hip Score”, was 54.3 and increased significantly to 84.6, and 87.8, on immediate and latest follow up visits, respectively. Conclusion: Cementless total hip arthroplasty, in elderly patients, i.e, 65 years and older, using new generation proximally tapered prosthetic femoral implants, and wear resistant acetabular cups with polyethylene inserts, is a low risk surgery with satisfactory results in short to moderate follow up study. Conflict of interest: non declared}, Keywords = {Aged, Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip, Hip, Osteoarthritis }, volume = {22}, Number = {87}, pages = {15-21}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-39-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-39-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Hajian, K and Khirkhah, F and Falatoni, M}, title = {Epidemiology of Addiction among Volunteered Addicts Attending in Detoxification Centers}, abstract ={Introduction: Prevalence of addiction imposes deep physical, psychological and social effects on Prevalence of addiction imposes deep physical, psychological and social effects on the society. From health and social viewpoints, addiction has a serious impact on the society because particularly, intravenous drug users is a main source of AIDS and HIV infection transmission in the community and the majority of prisoners commit drugs related crimes. Thus, it is important to identify the role of socio-demographic and cultural factors on the addictions for preventive purposes. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the epidemiologic aspects of addiction among volunteered addicts who tend to give up in Babol and Sari. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive and analytic study of 1034 volunteered addicted subjects who took part in giving up in detoxification centers in Babol and Sari from 2003 till 2007. The existing data were extracted from charts of the patients using a designed questionnaire composed of two parts: First, demographic data (age, gender, job, education, residence area and marital status) and the second part included some specific data about the age of starting addition, the type of drug abuse, the reason for usage and giving up, disease background, the cost of consumption and duration of last period of consumption. The data were analyzed using SPSS software and Chi square test was used to find the related characteristics. Results: The results showed that 96.6% of the addicts were men and just 3.4% were women and average age (±SD) was 33(±10) years. The mean age of starting addition was 21 (±7) years. The most prevalent age group of patients was 20-29 years (41.8%) and the least age group belongs to 70 years or over. About 75% were living in urban area and most of them were married (68%). A quarter of the addicts were jobless and 40.2% were self employed and more than 67% educated less than diploma. Opium was the most popular drug among them used by 74% followed by cocaine at the second rank (38.6%).The most important reason for giving up addiction was social problems (39.2%) and psychotic problems (28.9%). The most common way of drug usage was smoking (73.9%). Roughly, 72% of the addicts had giving up background. Using of opium (P=0.05), shireh (P=0.04) and cocaine (P=0.05) were significantly more common among men than women. The most popular way for giving up was MMT method (92.3%).The most important reasons for addiction were associating with bad friends (45%) and temptation (15%). Conclusion: The results show that opium and cocaine are the most common substances used and the majority of addicts had history of giving up already that indicates the importance of prevention to treatment. Regarding the decreased starting age of addiction in our society, and its high prevalence among low educated and jobless individuals, the preventive educational program should be focused primarily on these high risk groups Conflict of interest: non declared}, Keywords = {Narcotics, Substance Abuse Treatment Centers, Substance- Related Disorders }, volume = {22}, Number = {87}, pages = {22-30}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-40-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-40-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {MonsefKasmaie, V and Asadi, P and MalekiZiabari, S.M}, title = {A Demographic Study of Suicide Methods in the Patients Aided by Emergency Paramedics Guilan}, abstract ={Introduction: Suicide is defined as an act of deliberate self-harm, which leads to death, and is one of the first ten causes of death in the world currently. Objective: Demographic analysis of suicide methods in the patients aided by emergency paramedics in Guilan Province in 1389 (2010). Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross -sectional study, 745 cases of suicides reported by emergency relief 115 in 1389 were analyzed in terms of age, sex, attempted suicide methods, used medicine and disease status of the patients (hospitalization, treatment in place) as the study inclusion criteria. The respective obtained data were analyzed by SPSS version 19. Results: The results show that the total of 424 suicide attempts consisted of 103 (57%) men and 321 (43%) women. Most cases (64%) were in the age group of 40-20 years with the most frequent method of using drugs, followed by 446 cases (60%) of using self-harming methods and finally 157 cases (21%). Using sedation medications occurred in 117 patients (26.2%) and 131 women with few analogs (29.3%) of men had the highest frequency. Also, most cases, 203 (27.2%) occurred in summer and 619 patients (83%) patients were hospitalized, and 126 (17 %) were treated in the outpatient departments. Conclusions: Since suicide attempts by using drugs is the most prevalent method in Iran, the health authorities are advised to take measures to control drug consumption in order to alleviate the situation and reduce the suicide rates. Conflict of interest: non declared}, Keywords = {Emergency Medical Services, Suicide}, volume = {22}, Number = {87}, pages = {31-37}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-41-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-41-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Pourmarzi, D and Razi, M}, title = {A Survey on Dog Bites Incidence in Children}, abstract ={Introduction: Dog bites is a public health problem which is of greater concern in children than adults due to high risk and more effects. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the characteristics of dog bites in children in north of Iran. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study during one year, 255 dog bitted children under 15 years old that had been referred to rabies vaccination center in Guilan province were surveyed. For data collection a researcher-made questionnaire was developed and completed by interviews. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, independent T-test, one-way analysis of variance and chi square test. Results: Most of the children were boys and the mean age was 8.86±3.20 year. The majority of victims (93.7%) were bitten by owned dogs and 39.6% dog owners were children’s families. Most children were bitten in home yard. Bites to the leg were most often received by victims. Mean age differences in different parts of the body bitten were significant (0.001). Majority of children were bitten when they were entering the dog’s territory. Difference in actions leading to bites between the two genders was not significant but mean age difference in groups of action leading to bites was significant (0.003). Most dog bites occurred between 12 and 18 pm. Conclusion: To reduce the frequency of dog bites in children, designing and implementing educational programs for children and parents seem to be necessary. Conflict of interest: non declared}, Keywords = {Bites and Stings, Child, Dogs}, volume = {22}, Number = {87}, pages = {38-47}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-42-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-42-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Evaluation of the Factors Associated with Knee Injuries among Guilan Athletes}, abstract ={Introduction: The knee is the most commonly injured joint by adolescent athletes. Since there is almost no published study reporting the type and frequency of knee injuries among Iranian athletes, this study is sought to fill the mentioned gap. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the epidemiology of knee injuries among the patients presented to Sports Medicine Committee of Guilan Province from 2010 to 2012. Materials and Methods: Of the 2035 patients, 1409 injuries (69.2%) were associated with the knee joint. 68.1% of those patients were men and 31.6% were women. After recording the demographic characteristics and physical examination, plain antero-posterior and lateral radiographs were performed, if necessary, and in the suspected diagnosis, further evaluation such as MRI and arthroscopy were performed. Results: ACL tear was the most common cause of internal knee injuries (44.7%), followed by medial meniscus (23.5%) and lateral meniscus (21.6%). Almost half of the patients were between the ages of 20-29 (43%). Despite the smaller number of women, the rate of ACL tears was significantly higher in them than that in men. The most common sports associated with internal knee injuries were soccer/futsal (56%) and martial arts (31%). The highest risk for ACL injury in male and female athletes was observed while performing soccer (66%) and martial arts (89%), respectively. Conclusion: Knowledge of the epidemiology and specific pattern of injury of the knee joint during sports may help prevent, diagnose, and treat knee joint injuries. Conflict of interest: non declared}, Keywords = {Epidemiology, Knee Joint, Sports, Trauma}, volume = {22}, Number = {87}, pages = {48-53}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-43-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-43-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Moosavi, S and Khoshrang, H and Fatemi, S and Kazemnejad, E}, title = {Design and Psychometry of Tool Control of the Patients in Recovery Room}, abstract ={Introduction: First hours after surgery is a critical time. Patients need to be closely observed due to post anesthesia process and potential physical problems which can occur during that time. So it is necessary to use a standard tool for patients control in PACU which is a scale for discharge and transfer to other wards. Objective: This is a cross-sectional study and 3rd part of another study which aims to design a valid tool for patients control in PACU. It also aims to determine the validity of patients control tool in PACU of Iran operation rooms. Materials and Methods: Data collection instrument was a questionnaire containing items on the standard care of the patients in PACU which has been sent to anesthesiologists of all medical universities within Iran. This study seeks to design a valid Instrument for patient control in Recovery rooms/ Post Anesthesia care unit (PACU) in Iran. It was based on special goals and consisted of 3 parts: instrument definition, determination of instrument items and determination of instrument development validity for patient control in recovery rooms As for the first and second parts of the study, 40 items were presented for instrument development. After checking for face validity, 34 items at first and at last 19 items were added about respiratory, cardiac, urinary and nerve system, physician order, and nursing note for patients after surgery in recovery room. Results: Following data analysis and sample guidance opinions, this protocol has been presented for care of the patients in PACU, to be used in all educational hospitals of Iran. In total, 92.2% of samples agreed on the use of the designed protocol for patient control in PACU. The results of internal consistency revealed alphacronbach of % 87.5- %91.1for factors and % 96.1for whole tool control in PACU. Conclusion: The developed tool for patients control in PACU seems to be a valid and reliable means for patients control related to “Respiratory, Cardiovascular, Neuromuscular and Urinary systems” in PACU Conflict of interest: non declared}, Keywords = {Patient care, Postanesthesia Nursing, Recovery Room}, volume = {22}, Number = {87}, pages = {54-63}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-44-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-44-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Solimani, R and Najafi, K and Allahi, M and Sharghi, A}, title = {Anxiety and Depression in the Patients Undergoing Methadone Maintenance Therapy}, abstract ={Introduction: Anxiety and depression are common psychiatric problems among methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) patients. On the one hand, these will lead to a worse prognosis and therapeutic consequences and on the other hand, their early and on time diagnosis and treatment would enhance the recovery and improve the quality of life. Objective: To evaluate the frequency of anxiety and depression in the patients undergoing methadone maintenance therapy. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in MMT clinic of Shafa hospital in 1391. In doing so, 150 male patients, within the age range of 18-60 years who were on methadone maintenance therapy were entered into the study. After completion a demographic questionnaire, patients filled Beck anxiety and depression inventory. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16. Statistical difference less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: From the 150 patients, 74 patients (49.3%) had anxiety and 75 patients (50%) depression. There was a significant correlation between younger age, being single, higher dose of methadone and urban residents with anxiety (P<0.05). Also, higher dose of methadone, being single, urban residents and family history of psychiatric disorders were correlated with depression (P< 0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that some factors such as being single, high dose of methadone and being urban residents have a significant association with anxiety and depression among the patients undergoing methadone maintenance therapy. Conflict of interest: non declared}, Keywords = {Anxiety, Depression, Methadon Substance Dependence-Therapy }, volume = {22}, Number = {87}, pages = {64-69}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-45-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-45-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Moddabernia, M.J and Mirhosseini, S.K and Tabari, R and AtrkarRoushan, zahr}, title = {Factors Influencing Addiction in People of 15 to 30 Years of Age: a qualitative study}, abstract ={Introduction: The increasing use of drugs in our country is accelerated and the whole young community, with complex social problem of drug addiction has become destructive consequences arising from it. Examination of related issues in especially the youth is actually a must. Objective: To identify factors influencing drug addiction in people 15 to 30 years of age. Materials and Methods: This study used qualitative research methods "content analysis". Data were collected from interviews and semi- structured using a tape recorder was on Nvarzbt. The content of these interviews was transcribed, based on the methodology chosen for this study and analyzed.. Results: A total of 78 samples were obtained and the orientation of the source codes in two main conceptual categories were entitled Triggers internal and external incentives. The original concept involved a number of classes with some subclasses overlapping in some cases. This subsets included: easy obtaining of psychological and physical benefits, having a fun loving personality, a spirit of curiosity, a desire to be different, lack of life skills, cultural, social, economic factors. Conclusion: A wide range of conditions and factors, both internal and external, affect addiction. The addiction respective authorities and families may do their job well by identifying the influencing factors in addiction and develop a comprehensive plan to combat this critical issue. Conflict of interest: non declared}, Keywords = {Adolescent, Narcotic Dependence- Etiology}, volume = {22}, Number = {87}, pages = {70-77}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-46-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-46-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Mehrafza, M and Raoufi, A and Abdollahian, P and Nikpouri, Z and Nasiri, M and Hosseini, A}, title = {Comparison of IVF Outcome in Two Groap of Patients with PCOS}, abstract ={Introduction: PCOS (Polycystic ovary syndrome) patients undergoing infertility treatments present a greater sensitivity to gonadotrophins and higher incidence of OHSS when human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is administrated for the induction of final oocyte maturation. Lower dose of hCG can reduce the occurrence of OHSS Objectives: The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of hCG dose reduction on IVF outcome in PCOS undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, we included 39 women with PCOS who had undergone one-third dose depot GnRH agonist protocol. Ovarian stimulation was initiated with rFSH and continued by HMG. Final follicular maturation is triggered by 5000 (group A) or 10000 IU (group B) of hCG according to antral follicle count and estradiol levels. Basal and stimulation variables were analyzed between the groups. Results: There were no significant differences seen in all characteristics (Age, BMI, LH, FBS, cholesterol level, prolactin, Hirsutism, menstrual cycle, length of stimulation, E2 level on hCG day, number of total and MII oocytes, number of embryos transferred, mean transferred embryo score, OHSS, ongoing implantation rate, biochemical pregnancy rate, abortion rate, live birth rate) between the groups except for the number of GnRH ampoules. The E2 level and the number of total and metaphase II oocytes were higher in 5000 IU group. Higher rates of biochemical pregnancy, live birth and continuing pregnancy were observed in 10000 IU group. Conclusion: It seems that reduction in implantation rate and IVF outcome is related to lower dose of hCG in PCOS undergoing one-third dose depot GnRH agonist protocols. Conflict of interest: non declared}, Keywords = {Chorionic Gonadotropin, Human, Fertilization in Vitro, Polycystic Overy Syndrome}, volume = {22}, Number = {87}, pages = {78-83}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-47-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-47-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Saberi, A and Roudbary, S.A and Elyasi, N and KazemnejadLeyli, E}, title = {Comparison the Serum Level of Prolactin Among Patients with Chronic and Episodic Migraine}, abstract ={Introduction: Migraine is an episodic headache that is improved fairly by medical treatment, but when it becomes chronic its treatment will be more difficult. Increased serum prolactin level is suggested as one of the factors making migraine chronic. Objectives: Comparison of the prolactin serum level among the patients with chronic and episodic migraine Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed from 2011 July till 2012 November on 57 female chronic migrainous (according to Silberstein definition) and 57 female episodic migrainous (according to IHS criteria) in neurology clinic of Poursina hospital in Rasht, northern Iran. The cases with menstrual irregularity, anxiety, depression, hypo or hypothyroidism, anemia, polycytemia, epilepsy, and pregnant, lactating, prepuberty and postmenopause patients and hormonal preparations were excluded from the study. The patients were required to avoid from any temporary affecting factors on prolactin serum level in the last 12 hours. Fasting blood sampling was done in the period of follicular phase and the serum level of prolactin was determined by ELISA method and compared between the two above mentioned groups. Data analysis was performed by T-test, Mann Whitney U and Qui2 tests in SPSS, version 19 software. Results: A total of 57 patients with chronic migraine and 57 patients with episodic migraine with mean age of 33.0 ± 8/8 and 32/7 ± 8/7 years old, respectively (P=0/712) participated in this study. The mean serum level of prolactin was 20/92 ± 12/14 ng/ dl (95% CI: 17/69-24/14) and 16/36 ± 9/34 ng/dl (95% CI: 13/88-18/84), respectively (P=0/036). Also, with omitting the age effect, the difference was significant (P=0/022). The prevalence rates of hyperprolactinemia in chronic and episodic migraine cases were respectively 28/1% and 12/3% (P=0/036) (OR=2/8, 95% CI: 7/42-1/04). Conclusion: Prolactin serum level and the prevalence of hyperprolactinemia in chronic migrainous cases were higher than that among episodic ones. Conflict of interest: non declared}, Keywords = {Hyperprolactienmia, Migraine Disorders, Prolactin, Women}, volume = {22}, Number = {87}, pages = {84-89}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-48-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-48-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Gerami, H and Aghajanpour, S}, title = {A Review of Modern Diagnostic Tests To Assess Olfactory Dysfunction}, abstract ={Introduction: olfactory disorders usually occur in rhinological disease. Different subjective and objective test methods are available to assess the sense of smell Among the subjective methods, screening tests and threshold measurements are commonly used to quantify hyposmia or anosmia. Qualitative methods are available using discrimination and identification tests. Objective methods are used in research and in some situatisus. they include FMRI(functional magnetic resonance imaging), FPET(functional positron emission tomography), olfactory evoked potentials and brain SPECT(single photon emission computed tomography), the measurement of the sense of smell helps to assess the whole spectrum of the effects of nasal diseases. Conclusion: This is especially important before rhinological surgery, because a non-detected smell disorder in patients with rhinological disease is common. the assessment of a pre-existing hyposmia or anosmia helps to post-Aperative claims relating it to surgery. A variety of validated screening tests for olfaction are available pervent and they are useful tools to document whether a patient is able to smell. Conflict of interest: non declared}, Keywords = {Diagnostic Technigues and Procedurs, Olfaction Disorders, Smell }, volume = {22}, Number = {87}, pages = {90-97}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-49-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-49-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2013} }