@article{ author = {Fakheri, T and Najafi, B and FadakarSoogheh, GH}, title = {Correlation Of P53 Protein Expression with Clinicopathologic Parameters and Hormonal Receptor Status in Breast Cancer Patients}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Mutation of the P53 gene is thought to stimulate cell growth and to be involved in the development and progression of tumors. Objective: The aim of this study was to survey the relationship of P53with other clinic pathological parameters such as size of tumor, grade of malignancy, lymph vascular attacks, and also its correlation with the condition of steroid receptors in breast cancer patients (BCP). Materials and Methods: The study samples were chosen from 465 BCPs who had breast surgery or excistonal biopsy. Immunohistochemistery method was applied for the detection of estrogen and progesterone receptor and HER2 and P53.According to hormone receptor status, cases were either hormone receptor positive (ER+ or PR+) or hormone receptor negative (ER- and PR-). We divided patients into two groups:low grade instead of grade1,and high grade instead of grade2 and3. Results: 29.7% of our 465 cases were P53 positive. The mean age of P53negative cases was significantly more than P53positive ones. (49.2 y/o vs. 46.7 y/o) P53protein Expression correlated positively with HER2 protein expression. (P=0.000). P53 negativity and hormone receptor positivity had a positive correlation with low-grade tumor (P=0.007). There were no significant correlation between P53 and lymphovascular invasion and relapse and tumor size. Conclusion: Our results show that tumors of low malignant potential (grade1) have an immunophenotype of P53-, ER+, PR+, while high grade tumors (grade3) frequently express a P53+ and ER- ,PR- phenotype. Negativity of P53has a significant correlation with good prognostic factors like hormone receptor positive and low gradity, so evaluation of biologic marker of P53is helpful to select the protocol of treatment in patients with equal stages.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {15}, Number = {58}, pages = {1-6}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-457-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-457-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {SilanianToosi, M and Salehi, M.H and SaidiSaedi, H}, title = {Clinical Evaluation of Serum CEA and CA15-3 in Patients with Breast Cancer}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Tumor markers are useful means for obtaining information about some malignant tumors whilst causing minimal inconvenience and cost. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the value of CA 15-3 and CEA in patients with breast carcinoma. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was performed on 604 patients (mean age= 47 years) who were referred for treatment to oncology departments of Ghaem and Omid hospitals of (Mashhad Iran) from 1999 to 2004. CEA (cut off, 5 ng/ml) and CA 15-3 (cut off, 40 U/ml) had been measured with radioimmunoassay method for every patient (1- 10 times). Results: Stage I to IV were found in 25, 370, 165 and 44 patients respectively at the time of referral. With a mean follow up time of 18 months, from 560 nonmetastatic patients, 76 (13.6%) cases experienced recurrence. The sensitivity of CEA and CA 15-3 measurements in patients with overt metastasis or up to one month before the detection of recurrence were 56.4% and 90% respectively. CEA and CA 15-3 were measured 2 to 8 months before the detection of metastasis in 44 patients from which raising the levels of these markers were found in 7 (15.9%) and 23 (52.2%) cases respectively. Among 249 disease free patients who had been followed for more than 18 months, false positive levels of CEA and CA15-3 were found in 7 (2.8%) and 4 (1.7%) cases respectively. Conclusion: Considering the low number of false positive results in recurrent free patients, both CEA and CA15-3 showed good specificity. The sensitivity of CA15-3 is good for the detection of overt metastasis. However CA15-3 has a modest sensitivity in patients with minimal disease. CEA has a much lower sensitivity compared to CA15-3. However, the positive test can confirm the result of CA15-3 in metastatic setting.}, Keywords = {Breast Neoplasms, Sensitivity and Specificity, Tumor Markers Biological }, volume = {15}, Number = {58}, pages = {7-14}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-458-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-458-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Najafi, M and Ebrahimi, M and Hashemi, E and Kaviani, A}, title = {Evaluation of General Surgeons’ Practice Regarding Different Types of Breast Cancer Surgery: Breast Conserving Surgery or Mastectomy}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Nowadays breast-conserving surgery (BCS) where only a part of breast tissue is extracted is a standard and accepted method of treating breast cancer under certain condition. BCS use in Iran is very limited. Objective: This study aims to evaluate general surgeons’ practice regarding BCS and its related factors. Materials and Methods: Structured questionnaires were sent by mail to 300 general surgeons whose addresses were extracted from address list of general surgeons in Iranian Medical Council. The questionnaire included general surgeons’ characteristics such as age, sex, work experience, practicing in a university hospital, number of breast cancer patients treated per year, preference of surgeons about performing mastectomy versus breast conserving surgery (BCS) and the reasons for avoiding breast conserving surgery. Results: In all, 83 surgeons returned back the completed questionnaires. The response rate was 27%. Results showed that only 19% of surgeons were performing BCS in their routine practice. Of all evaluated factors, only surgeon’s experience that was defined as “the number of patients treated annually” had a statistically significant correlation with performing BCS (P= 0.01). There was no association between other mentioned variables and the use of BCS. The most frequent reasons noted for avoiding BCS were uncertainty about conservative therapy results (46%), uncertainty about quality of available radiotherapy services (32%) and probability of patients’ incompliance for radiotherapy (32%). Conclusion: These findings indicated that BCS is not routinely selected by Iranian surgeons as the first and the best treatment modality. Further research to evaluate patients’ outcome treated by BCS in Iran, with regard to available medical facilities and cultural factors (patients’ compliance) is recommended.}, Keywords = {Breast Neoplasms, Mastectomy- Segmental}, volume = {15}, Number = {58}, pages = {15-20}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-459-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-459-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Mansoorian, A.R and Golalipoor, M.J and Mobasheri, E and Vakili, M.A}, title = {Determine Serum Zinc Level of Mothers in Neural Tube Defects in Gorgan}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Neural tube defects (NTD) comprise a group of congenital malformation that includes spina bifida, anencephaly and encephalocele. Pervious study has shown that the rate of NTDs is 3.12 per 1000 in Gorgan. Some studies have indicated that Zinc deficiency is one of the causative factors of NTDs. Objective: This study carried out to compare the serum Zinc level in maternal affected NTDs with healthy controls. Materials and methods: This case- control study carried out to compare the serum Zinc level in 23 mothers with affected NTDs newborns and 36 healthy controls in Dezyani Hospital in Gorgan during 2003 by spectrophotometery technique. Results: Zinc deficiency was found in 13(36.5%) of the cases and 7(19.4 %) of the controls. The logistic regression analytic showed the relation between the presence of NTDs with Zinc deficiency (OR=5.06, 95%CI: 1.51-16.99) and drug exposure during 1st trimester in mothers (OR=13.12, 95%CI: 1.31-130.97). Conclusion: Our findings indicated that maternal Zinc deficiency was thought to be one of the important factors in the NTD etiology.}, Keywords = {Encephalitis, Mothers, Neural Tube Defects, Spinal Dysraphism, Zinc }, volume = {15}, Number = {58}, pages = {21-26}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-460-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-460-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {JafariShakib, R and Ajdari, S and Khamesipour, and Shokrgozar, M.A and Mortazavi, H and Malakafzali, B and Nikbin, B}, title = {Soluble CD26 and CD30 Concentration in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most common form of leishmaniasis that usually heals spontaneously with unsightly scar but rarely non-healing lesion of CL develops which is refractory to all types of therapy. It is shown that Th1 and Th2 response is associated with healing and non-healing form of the diseases, respectively. On the other hand, it is reported that CD26 and CD30 are associated with Th1 and Th2 types of response, respectively. In some diseases, there is a relationship found between level of CD26 and CD30 and Th1 and Th2 responses. Objective: The goal of this study was to determine the concentration of soluble CD26 and soluble CD30 (sCD26 and sCD30) as a possible marker for Th1/Th2 response in CL Materials and Methods: The blood samples were taken from 36 patients with healing form of the lesion and 10 patients with non-healing form of CL who were referred to Razi hospital or Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy in Tehran during 2003-2004. As a control blood samples were taken from 23 volunteers with no history of CL. In this study, the concentration of sCD26 and sCD30 were measured in plasma by ELISA method. Results: The results showed that the plasma levels of sCD26 and sCD30 were significantly higher in non-healing form of the disease than healing form of CL or control group (p<0.05). The level of sCD30 was more prominent than sCD26. There was no significant difference in the level of sCD26 or sCD30 markers in healing form of CL compared to normal control group. Conclusion: Overall it seems that the level of sCD30 might be a useful marker to study the immune response in CL, which needs to be studied further.}, Keywords = {Antigens, CD 30, Antigens, CD 26, Leishmaniasis- Cutaneous}, volume = {15}, Number = {58}, pages = {27-32}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-461-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-461-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Lotfi, R and Goshtasbi, A}, title = {Quality Assessment of Prenatal Care Using LQAS in Urban Health Centers and Health Houses of Astara, 2004}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Prenatal care is very important in community health promotion,and inadequate prenatal care can result preterm labor,low birth weight neonate and maternal and neonatal mortality. LQAS is a cheap and also fast approach to assess the quality of care given in prenatal phase. This method helps us to compare all care providers with standards and also with each other and therefore work on their problems. Objective: The aim of this study is to surgery prenatal care quality in urban health centers and health houses of Astara. And also LQAS Method is introduced for local managers’ use. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive study which was done in 2004 and 18 centers including three urban centers and 15 health centers in Astara were surveyed sampling method was random stratified and six samples were chosen from each center. A questionnaire and a checklist were chosen for data collection. First questioner completed the checklist, which covered utilities needed for prenatal care in each center and health house and then observed the care provided to six pregnant women by one health care worker. Also mothers’ demographic characteristics were studied. Questionnaire and checklist validity and reliability were established. Results: Findings showed that 18 center had shortage of utilities and 8 center had shartage of ferrous sulfate. Regarding quality of prenatal care, history taking and abdominal examination were undesirable in six and eight centers respectively. Conclusion: The quality of prenatal care was very poor in only one center and desirable in all other centers. Overall quality of prenatal care was satisfactory in Astara.}, Keywords = {Community Health Centers, Pregnancy, Quality of Health Care}, volume = {15}, Number = {58}, pages = {33-40}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-462-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-462-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Asgharnia, M and Heidarzadeh, A and Akbari, E and Oudi, M}, title = {Effect of Cervical Cleaning with Cotton on Quality of Pap smear}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Today, cancer of the cervix has been considered a preventable cancer due to its long pre- invasive state, availability of cervical cytology screening programs, and effectiveness of the treatment of preinvasive lesions. Due to slow progression of cervical cancer lesions, Pap smear is an efficient procedure for cancer detection and decreases mortality. Objective: The objective of this study is to compare the quality of Papsmear before and after cervical cleaning in females referred to Alzahra Hospital. Materials and Methods: This is a before – after clinical trial. Subjects were sampled by nonprobability convenience method. Inclusion criteria were absence of vaginal bleeding, infection, pregnancy, coitus and vaginal douching during past 48 hrs. After obtaining informed consent, two cytologic smears were taken by cytobrush (Cervex-Brush) before and after cervical cleaning by sterile cotton. Both smears were fixed, Coded and send to a special laboratory immediately. They were taken by a resident and were reported by a pathologist. After data collection analysis carried out with 2 , 2 Mantel Hanszell, statistical software SPSS.10 was used. Results: In this study, 152 patients had met inclusion criteria .The mean age of women was 39.611.2yrs (range 17-65 yr). Before cleaning, there were 39(25.7%) satisfactory versus 101 (66.4%) after cleaning (P<0.0001). There were 22 (14.5%) unsatisfactory smears before cleaning versus 10 (6.6%) after it (P=0.0025). Before cleaning 15 (9.9%) of smears were poor cellular although 4 (2.6%) of smears was poor cellular after procedure (P= 0.009). Before cleaning, we had 1 (0.7%) smear with epithelial abnormality, which were increased by 7 (4.6%) after (5 ASCUS-1 AGUS-1 CIN-I) (P=0.032). Conclusion: Pap smear sampling after cervical cleaning increases the quality of smear and is recommended. Due to similar standard results in other sites of the world, we advocate this procedure for accuracy improvement.}, Keywords = {Cervix Mucus, Cervix Neoplasms , Cervix Uter, Vaginal Smears}, volume = {15}, Number = {58}, pages = {41-47}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-463-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-463-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Joafshani, M.A and Falahatkar, S and Asgari, S.A and MahdaviRoshan, M}, title = {The Study of Testis Agenesia in Patients with Undescended Testis}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Cryptorchidism is one of the most common disorders of childhood. This anomaly occurs when the descent of testis inhibited anywhere along it’s normal pathway between kidney and scrotum. There isn’t any study about testis agenesia in our region and the picture of the disease may be different in this region. The aim of this study ,is to determine more clear picture of this disease in our region and to consider that whether not to use diagnostic laparoscopy in this area can be lead to increased false diagnosis of testis agenesia or not. Material and Methods: This study is descriptive and basis of our study is to refer to hospital archive files, from all patients that admitted during 1996-2003,we found those who had UDT ,then all of required data including patient’s age ,unilateral or bilateral UDT ,associated disease ,site of UDT, diagnostic procedures, and first symptoms were extracted and then we analyzed this data. Results: Out of 7200 patients that admitted during 1996-2003 yrs, 235 patients had UDT ,according to this data the relative frequency of UDT is 3.26% . Regarding to age of patients most patients were in 5-14 y/o (41.3%). According to associated disease 14% had contralateral UDT, 8.1%had inguinal hernia, 1.7% had hypospadiasis , 6% had hydrocele, 0.9% had torsion of testis and 3% had infertility. Regarding to anatomic site of descent cessation, intracanalicular in 61.4% pts. Superficial inguinal pouch in 16.1% pts , intraabdominal in 14% pts, suprapubic region in 0.9% pts and agenesis of testis in 7.6% pts was found. Conclusion: According to this survey, the relative frequency of UDT was relative common and the most of operated patients are in higher range of age group(5-14yo).Which shows necessity of public education and also high incidence of testis agenesia(7.6%) suggests using of preoperative diagnostic laparoscopy in patients with nonpalpable testis.}, Keywords = {Cryptorchidism, Hydrocele, Laparoscopy}, volume = {15}, Number = {58}, pages = {48-53}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-464-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-464-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Kermansaravi, F and Rakhshani, F and Sharakhipoor, M}, title = {Applying Pender\'s Educational Model in Promotion of Health Behavior of Workers}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Conceptual models are important because they are used in education and research. Several models are discussed in health education. One of them is panders educational model, which has been applied in some research, and led to positive outcome too. Objective: This research was performed to study the application of panders model in improving workers health behavior in Zahedan faculty of Nan Razawi. Materials and Methods: In this quasi- experimental study, 200 workers were selected randomly from population of workers and they were studied in two groups of case and control. Data gathering tool was a question pair. Date obtained before education and one month after education. For data analysis descriptive and analytical statistics were used. Results: Based on findings, the marks of cognitive – conceptual concepts such as health models, perception of health control and health importance increased after education and there was a statistically significant difference in case group after education (P=0.000). There was a significant relation between health models and perception of health importance with health behavior too (P=0.02). Also, there was a significant relation between income and health concept, perception of health control, and health behaviors (P=0.01). ANOVA indicated effect of education on promotion of health behaviors and there was significant difference (P=0.005). Findings revealed that there was a significant relation between cognitive – perceptual factors such as clinical models (P=0.04), adoption model (P=0.01) and demographic factors such as sex (P=0.03) and race (P=0.02) with health behaviors. Conclusion: Pender’s educational model is effective in promotion of workers health behaviors.}, Keywords = {Health behavior, Health Education, Models- Educational }, volume = {15}, Number = {58}, pages = {54-60}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-465-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-465-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Navidian, A and ArbabiSarjou, A and Kikhai, A}, title = {Frequency of Mental Disturbances in Hemodialysis Patients Referred to Hemodialysis Ward of Khatam- Al- Anbia Hospital in Zahedan}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Hemodialysis as a treatment in chronic renal failure is a stressful process and has several psycho-cognitive and social complications. The latter can cause mental disorders in such patients. Objective: As a result of high prevalence of psychosis, this investigation was done to determine mental health status in hemodialysis patients and then compare it with normal population group. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional research was carried out on (40dialysis patients in Khatam hospital of Zahedan and 40 healthy persons who were matched in variables such as age, sex, marital statue and education in 2002. In this study, the mental health status of experiment and control group were assessed and compared using the standard questionnaire of general health from consisting of 28 questions by descriptive and analytical statistics. Results: Finding showed that dialysis patients (mean =11/65) have lower mental health state than control or healthy group (mean = 6/20). The result of T test shows a significant relation between these two group (p<0/001). Also there are statistical significant relation between mental health status of dialysis patients and dialysis times in a week (p<0/009) and sex (p<0/03). Conclusion: Considering lower mental health status of dialysis patients in this investigation, It is recommended that the psychological team apply therapeutic interventions by assessing them before and during dialysis period which can be effective in patient adjustment , coping and health promotion.}, Keywords = {Kidney- Failure- Chronic, Mental Health, Renal Dialysis}, volume = {15}, Number = {58}, pages = {61-67}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-466-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-466-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Ebrahimi, M and Bostani, T and Nikdoust, M and Hosseini-Nezhad, J}, title = {Compare the Cost- effectiveness of Standard Heparin and Low Molecular Weight Heparin in Treatment of Deep Vein Thrombosis}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Deep Vein thrombosis (DVT) is one of the most common vascular diseases, which affects millions of people around the world annually. The important complication of DVT, pulmonary emboli, can cause various dangers as well as mortality. Therefore correct and on time treatment helps patient’s life greatly. From time ago, standard or unfractionated heparin (UFH) has been the chosen treatment, but in recent years with the production of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and its specific advantages as compared to UFH, treating patients with LMWH instead of UFH has been presented. Objective: This study aims to compare the cost of LMWH and UFH in treatment of DVT. Materials and Methods: This cross- sectional study was conducted on 125 DVT hospitalized patients with DVT admitted to cardiac ward of Imam Reza Hospital in Mashhad between 2002 to 2004. Mean hospitalization days and hospital costs, nursing care, venous heparin prescription, routine tests and PTT test and also other costs such as serum therapy and … were extracted from patients’ medical files along with LMWH. Data was analyzed with SPSS software. Results: Mean hospital stay was 8.48±2.57 days. The average occupied bed was nearly 500 nights annually. Treatment cost with intravenous UFH and LMWH for each patient was 942080 Rials and 760000 Rials respectively. Conclusion: In attention to advantages of LMWH including economic benefits, decreased bed occupation, better personal and social function of patient, decreased complication and simple use, LMWH can be used in low risk patients instead of hospitalizing and treating with intravenous heparin.}, Keywords = {Health Care Costs, Heparin, Venous Thrombosis }, volume = {15}, Number = {58}, pages = {68-72}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-467-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-467-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Khori, V and Semnani, SH and Dadjoo, M and Besharat, S}, title = {Effects of an Active Multifaceted Educational Intervention on Dispensing Time in the Pharmacies of Gorgan}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: The pharmaceutical care framework requires an active client-pharmacist partnership, particulary with respect to consultation about medication (dispensing process). The educational intervention can imply to improve rational use of drugs. Objecti ves: In this study the effect of active group discussion and dispenser feedback in increasing the patient care indicator (dispensing time) in the pharmacies of Gorgan were examined. Materials and Methods: An interventional, semi-experimental study was designed. The study was conducted in Gorgan,thirty pharmacies and 750 pharmacy client, were randomly selected in each step (before and after intervention). A structural questionnaire was used to interview clients. Data were collected from patients and by interviewing immediately after patient-dispenser encounter. Focused group discussion, audit feedback and distribution of educational bucklet were designed and conducted, after two months. All data were collected and analyzed with SPSS-11.5 software and were shown as mean±SE. Results: Data from 750 prescriptions before intervention showed that the average drug dispensing time was 19.43 ± 5.83 seconds and the average waiting time was 4.91 ± 1.2 minutes. In the post-intervention period, we had significant increase in the aformention indicators. Patients’ satisfaction and knowledge of adverse effects and dosage information significantly increased after intervention. Conclusion: The study shows the impact of active educational intervention in improving WHO patient care indicator (dispensing time).}, Keywords = {Pharmacies, Prescription- Drug, Product Surveillance- Post marketing }, volume = {15}, Number = {58}, pages = {73-80}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-469-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-469-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Afkar, A}, title = {System of Provision, Distribution, Maintenance, Control and Drug Consumption in Teaching Hospitals of Rasht}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: The issue of drug management and its different aspects are considered as important and sensitive affairs of Ministry of health, treatment and medical education and even for all over the country. Objective: The purpose of this study is to assess the system of provision, distribution, maintenance, control and drug consumption in teaching hospitals of Rasht in 2002. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross sectional study, 22 wards from four teaching hospitals of Rasht were surveyed. Questionnaire consisted of 3 parts: part one is related to the general information regarding the study hospitals. Part two, general information concerning the wards under study and Part three, the information relevant to the pharmacies of these hospitals Results: Finding of this research indicated that 36.4% of study wards were standard in term of drug use system and 50% of study wards have acted according to the standard in view of drug distribution system and also 31.8% of the hospital wards had standard performance regarding the registration of drug interaction. Conclusion: Finding indicates that due to the lack of appropriate conditions for a drug expert of hospital in order investigate the drug situation of hospitals to conduct the super vision and admission affairs the necessary monitoring measures are not carried out on the process of drug provision and its distribution by pharmacy.}, Keywords = {Hospitals-Teaching, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Pharmacies }, volume = {15}, Number = {58}, pages = {81-86}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-470-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-470-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Vejdani., J and MohammadAlizadeh, N}, title = {The Prevalence and Etiology of Anterior Crown Fracture of Anterior Permanent Teeth}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Treatment and follow up of traumatized teeth has ever been the concern of many dentists throughout the world. The matter sounds more concerning when the traumatized tooth is a permanent anterior tooth. Regarding to the importance of anterior permanent teeth in mastication, speaking and esthetic, and high prevalence of crown fracture in traumatic injuries of the permanent teeth, we decided to do this study. Objective: The aim of this study is to survey the etiology and prevalence of crown fracture of anterior permanent teeth in 2nd-5th grade children of primary school in Rudsar. Materials and Methods: The study was done by a descriptive and cross-sectional method. The sample consisted of 700 students of 2nd - 5th grade of primary school were randomly selected from 21 schools in Rudsar. Examination was done in natural light and the information about types of crown fracture, number of traumatized tooth, rate of over jet and over bite, lip seal, etiology of trauma and if treatment, registered in a questionnaire. The data were analyzed with SPSS software and Chi-Square test. Results: The prevalence of crown fracture among anterior teeth was 10.3%. The ratio of male to female patients was 1.1/1 Maxillary central incisors were most affected (83.5%) and the most common type of crown injury was enamel fracture (76.4%). Most injuries occurred at home (50%) and in summer (37.4%). Falls were the most frequent cause of dental trauma (37.5%). There was a tendency for children with an increased over jet, deep bite, open bite and lip incompetency to have experienced dental injuries. Conclusion: Considering the importance of anterior teeth and more frequency of trauma in summer, preventive education programs should be instituted in the region, directed at parents and schoolteachers, to inform them about the problems of dental trauma and to obtain cooperative attitude in treatment and good motivation.}, Keywords = {Child, Crowns, Incisor, Prevalence, Tooth Fractures }, volume = {15}, Number = {58}, pages = {87-93}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-471-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-471-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2006} }