@article{ author = {Sobhani, A.R and Shafaghi, A and Hajizadeh, .H}, title = {A Medical Student and Problem -Based Learning(PBL)}, abstract ={ABSTRACT: In the following years, in order to promote medical education problem – based learning (PBL)that is based on active learning by analyzing the problems and solving them will substitute the customary or teacher - centered methods. To perform this method successfully, it is necessary for us to prepare practical plans for the students. we will study some parameters such as students' references participation in extra-curricular programs and effects of these activities on study of multiple informational sources,library use and ultimately the influence of teacher's encourage on the students .The study design is cross-sectional. Data collection was performed by questionnaire in the second year for sixth year medical students. Data processing was performed by SPSS package. The statistical procedure was Chi- Square test. 80.8% were males & 19.2% females. Mean age was (24.3±3.1) years ,86.5% were single & 13.5% married. 37% studied in physiopathologic course and others studied in stagering course. 47.7% used lecture means that is prepared by teacher or spoken tape record. 58.1% convinced that these notes were the most important tools for getting better grades. in examinations. There was a relation between learning course and priority ordering of references (P<0.04). One third of students participated in extra educational programs & 65.45 of them were convinced that these activities had much effects on tendency to study journals & books. There was a significant relation between participation of extra-curricular activities with reputation of at least one Persian medical journal (P<0.04) and one English medical journal (P<0.013),and studying persian medical journals (P<0.0025)but there was no significant relation between theses activities and studying English journals. About two third of students were members of central library and the most important reasons (91.2%) of their reference were borrowing of books. There was a significant relation between encouragement of students by teachers with participation of extra-curricular activity (P<0.03) and medical journal usage (P<0.004). According to recent changes in educational system that is under way based on PBL methods in Iranian medical faculties ,we will recommend some preparatory measures for this method that is, encouraging the students to learn medical books & journals ,completing educational possibilities of libraries and explaining the method for university instructors.  }, Keywords = {}, volume = {6}, Number = {20}, pages = {1-8}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-1921-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-1921-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {1997} } @article{ author = {Afraz, M.R}, title = {A Study of Effects of Seasons on Incidence and Mortality Rate of (acute) Myocardial Infarction}, abstract ={ABSTRACT: Key Words: Acute myocardial Infarction season, cold, mortality We studied 395 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction ,admitted to Poor -sina Hospital Rasht , Iran ,over two years(during the period 1-1-61 to 29-12-62), and correlated the incidence of the disease inhospital mortality and 10-year posthospital mortality and with seasons. There was no seasonal variation in the incidence of acute myocardial infarction. The frequency of inhospital mortality was significantly higher in cold seasons(Autumn and winter).compared with other seasons (spring and summer )(63 percent vs.37 percent , Pless than 0.05). Inhospital mortality of patients from acute myocardial infarction that were admitted to hospital in cold seasons was higher than that in other seasons (24.2 percent vs.15.6 percent , Pless than 0.05). The seasons had no influence on incidence of 10-year posthospital mortality of survivors of acute myocardial infarction but ,overall mortality (inhospital and posthospital ) was significantly higher in cold Seasons than that in other seasons ( 58.1 percent vs.41.9 percent ,Pless than 0.025 ). This study indicates that inhospital and 10- year overall mortality of acute myocardial infarction is higher in cold seasons.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {6}, Number = {20}, pages = {9-16}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-1922-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-1922-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {1997} } @article{ author = {ShahrokhEbrahimi, and Akbari-Nia, S and Akbar-Nia, S}, title = {Autonomic Dysreflexia in 50 Spinal Cord Injured Patients}, abstract ={ABSTRACT: Autonomic dysreflexia is a syndrome describing sympathetic overactivity occuring in patients with spinal cord lesions. This study is based on the determination of epidemiology , predisposing factors and relation of this syndrome to severity and level of the spinal cord lesion. Fifty spinal cord injured patients were studied retrospectively in Gilan province,in Center of Spinal Cord Injuries. Only eighteen patients(36%) had clinical manifestations of autonomic dysreflexia. The highest predisposing factors were distended bladder , UTI and the most frequent Clinical symptoms were headache ,sweating and flushing of the face In this study, most of the patients had complete thoracic or cervical cord lesions The number of plegic patients (Complete paralysis )was more than the paraplegic patients.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {6}, Number = {20}, pages = {17-19}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-1923-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-1923-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {1997} } @article{ author = {FALAHATKAR, S}, title = {IS THERE A CORRELATION BETWEEN HLA SYSTEM AND CONGENITAL UPJO?}, abstract ={ABSTRACT: Our primary goal in this study was to find if there is a meaningful correlation between HLA system and congenital UPJO and whether it is possible to use HLA system as a diagnosis marker in congenital UPJO. In this study, 30 patients whose congenital UPJO were confirmed by imaging, underwent HLA typing . The number of the control group who were all kidney donors was two times more than the patients group. The majority of these patients (30 percent) were 30-39 years old and 55 percent of patients were females and 55 percent were males. The most common presentation was flank pain. Statistical calculation indiciates meaningful correlation (P value = 0.05) between congenital UPJO and HLA-A30 -B7 -CW4. It seems that more studies are needed to find which HLA antigens have meaningful correlation with congenital UPJO and whether HLA system could be a diagnostic marker in congenital UPJO or not.  }, Keywords = {}, volume = {6}, Number = {20}, pages = {20-24}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-1924-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-1924-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {1997} } @article{ author = {Ebadati, N}, title = {A Study on Carriers of Salmonella ty’phi and Paraty\'phi in Professionals of Foodstuff in Cities of Someh -Sara ,Fuman ,Rasht , Astaneh and Lahijan in 1369 -71 (1990-92).}, abstract ={ABSTRACT: Typhoid fever is the most severe and dangerous form of salmonella infection Some of infected individuals recovering from this infection become temporary or permanent carriers which countinuously shedding bacteria from gallbladder to intestine By this means human become the major source of infection.So, finding and follow-up of these carriers will help to control this disease. The purpose of this study is to identify and follow up human salmonella carriers related to foods in cities of Gilan Province. The results of this study showed that 2.3 percent of those being tested were carriers and its prevalence in eastern part of Gilan is lower than that in western part of this province. In the city of Rasht, the capital city of Gilan, the prevalrnce rate is in average.  }, Keywords = {}, volume = {6}, Number = {20}, pages = {25-27}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-1925-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-1925-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {1997} } @article{ author = {HosseiniMolla-Saraei, F}, title = {A Study on Physical and Social Effects of Alcohol Use in Rasht City in Period between 1372-73 (1993-94) (An Investigation on Different Types of Acute and Chronic Side -Effects of Alcohol Use).}, abstract ={ABSTRACT: Different research has shown that drinking of alcohol causes lots of social problems and diseases like cardiovascular ,neurotic ,and pulmonary diseases. This descriptive Study is intended to examine the prevalence of above effects in the alcoholic people and to compare them with the latest world references, but due to difficulties in getting the desirable ,samples this research was done during 1993-1994 in three stages. In this research, we discuss about the effects of alcohol in ocurance of accidents or criminal cases in 1992 (retrospectivly) through the considration of waradpatients files in RAZI Hospital and HESHMAT Hospital, (RASHT). A survey on different side - effects of drinking alcohol has been carried out about 23 individuals accused of drinking alcohol in LAKAN Prison. we realized that there are similaries in alcohol side effects like acute gastrititis and either acute or passive side effects in differnt stages of drinkiness (faintness , sleepiness ,unconsciousness) with European and American research paper figures. But in respect of other side effects like megaloblastic anemia and bone diseases and alcoholic hepatitis and mouth cancers, there are considerable differences (15%-33%) between RASHT and other countries ,which may stem from many different reasons.  }, Keywords = {}, volume = {6}, Number = {20}, pages = {28-34}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-1926-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-1926-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {1997} } @article{ author = {Mohammadzadeh, MA}, title = {A Study on 100 Cases of Vascular Trauma in the War-Injured Individuals in Guilan Province (Rasht -City)}, abstract ={ABSTRACT: In this paper , a survey was carried out on clinical presentation ,age , sex and pathology of vascular trauma in 100 Cases during 1984 -1991 in two hospitals, Heshmt and Poorsina ,Rasht ,Iran. There were 96 males and 4 females of average age of 31±3. On surgical findings, opinions of four different pathologies were taken. All of them were described: Arterial transection:46 cases , false aneurysme 33, traumutic arterio veinus fistula 16 cases and Fa+ AVF:5. 16 cases of a mputations for arterial transections were the only surgical procedures, and in this field, popliteal, artery was more prone to muscles necrosis. 61 autogenus saphenus vein grafts and 6 patches of vein graft , 6 end to end arterial anastomosis ,10 ligations were performed.5 cases of Complications such as bleeding in 3 cases and thrombosis in 2 cases were sucsessfuly controlled.  }, Keywords = {}, volume = {6}, Number = {20}, pages = {35-39}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-1927-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-1927-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {1997} } @article{ author = {Ashrafzadeh, F and Poor-abbass, K}, title = {A Study on Effective Causes of Mortality in Infants (0-12 months) in Mashhad Hospitals}, abstract ={ABSTRACT: This research is a cross - sectional study based on the random sampling and prospective method, for this purpose the study, was carried out on 1208 infants who have been admitted to the four major hospitals of mashhad. The main aim of this research is to determine the causes of mortality and its risk factors in infants. The results of this study have shown that: -9.7% of the admitted infants died. Prevalence of diseases and mortality in males were more than that in females. The highest cause of hospitalization for neonates was icterus. The most common cause of death in neonates was sepsis. The highest cause of hospitalization for infants (1-12 months) was gastro-enteritis . The most frequent cause of death in infants (1-12ms) was respiratory infections. The most important risk factors in mortality was gestational age,weight of birth in neonates and weight percentile and family spacing in infants.  }, Keywords = {}, volume = {6}, Number = {20}, pages = {40-47}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-1928-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-1928-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {1997} } @article{ author = {Eskandari, M and Tomarian, L}, title = {An Epidemiological Study on Fluorosis and Its Relation with Ingestion of Tooth pates Containing Fluoride}, abstract ={ABSTRACT: Excess uptake of fluoride during tooth development can cause developmental defect of enamel that has not beautiful appearance. Fluoride uptake is mainly from drinkink water and a few percent from foodstuffs. At the time of toothbrushing with fluoride dentifrice by young children, toothpaste can be swallowed , and average of fluoride ingestion is 0.3-0.5 mg in each brushing . This excess fluoride can cause dental fluorosis. In this research, 848 schoolchildren from 11 to 13 years in Tehran were examined and prevalence of developmental defect of enamel was calculated with DDE index (Developmental Defect of Enamel index. It was observed that a significant relation existed between dentifrice use in preschool children (according to their history ) and enamel opacity in these children (P=0.02708) in comparision to those children that had not used fluoride dentifrice in preschool age .Probably ingestion of fluoride detifrice in preschoolchildren cause enamel opacity in permanent teeth.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {6}, Number = {20}, pages = {48-52}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-1929-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-1929-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {1997} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {6}, Number = {20}, pages = {53-56}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-1930-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-1930-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {1997} } @article{ author = {Adib, M}, title = {A Case -Report Of Crossing -Over in HLA System}, abstract ={ABSTRACT : In the course of HLA typing for the members of 102 families who had referred for bone marrow and kidney transplantation to the tissue typing laboratory in Aliasghar Hospital, Isfahan ,between the years 1371 -1375 (1992-96),we found a case of crossing over in HLA System in a family. The fourth child of this family showed a crossing over brtween HLA -A and HAL -B Locous . The HLA phenotype and haplotype of the members of this family (Table 1) showed that the crossing over had occured in the paternal meiotic division}, Keywords = {}, volume = {6}, Number = {20}, pages = {57-61}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-1931-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-1931-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {1997} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {6}, Number = {20}, pages = {62-63}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-1932-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-1932-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {1997} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {6}, Number = {20}, pages = {64-74}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-1933-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-1933-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {1997} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {6}, Number = {20}, pages = {75-84}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-1934-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-1934-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {1997} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {6}, Number = {20}, pages = {85-87}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-1935-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-1935-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {1997} }