@article{ author = {Abbasiranjbar, Z}, title = {Prevalence of Asthma Symptoms in Children}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: There are considerable evidence on increased prevalence of asthma and allergic disease in the world. But due to different methodologies, these studies cannot be compared. Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and severity of allergic diseases in children of Rasht city by ISSAC methodology in 2001-2002. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive study the samples were selected randomly from first grade students of 63 primary schools and second and third grade students of 22 guidance schools. Based on ISAAC protocol, students completed questionnaires, and results were analyzed by SPSS soft ware by 95% confidence interval. Results: Out of 6145 questionnaire, 6060 were returned. The prevalence of "ever wheezing " was 25% in guidance school and 22% in primary school students. In boys it was higher than girls (26.7%VS. 22.57%) (P< 0.05). Prevalence of asthma was 7.1% in 6-7 year olds and 7.1% in 13-14 year old students. It was higher in boys (P < 0.05) and in 6-7 year olds was higher than 13-14 year old students (p < 0.05). And totally was higher in 2001-2002 study than previous studies (5.96% VS. 3.4%, P < 0.05). 114 students (3.68%) had sleep disruption over one night a week and 143 students (17%) had speech limitation due to wheezing. These results were lower than previous studies (19% sleep disruption and 23.7% speech limitation in 1995-1996)(p < 0.05). Conclusion: Comparing with previous studies, the result revealed that due to better diagnosis, real rise in prevalence, increasing contact with household allergens and environmental pollutant and better usage of proper diagnostic tests, prevalence of asthma symptoms increased, however morbidity rate declined.}, Keywords = {Asthma, Child, Epidemiology}, volume = {14}, Number = {56}, pages = {1-9}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-489-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-489-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Vejdani, J and MohtashamAmiri, Z and Rezaie, M}, title = {Prevalence of Nursing Caries and Associating Factors in 2-4 year Olds Children}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Nursing caries is a specific form of rampant caries affecting the primary teeth of infants as a result of improper nursing bottle habits and/or prolonged unrestricted bottle and breast-feeding. The clinical feature is distinctive in that the maxillary incisors are the most affected. This condition can lead to pain, infection, and interference with eating and expensive dental treatment. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and associating factors of nursing caries between 2-4 year-old children in Talesh in 1382. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study 261 children aged 2-4 years were selected through a multistage random sampling and examined. Data collection was done by a questionnaire consisting of anterior teeth. Besides dmft (decayed, missed and filled teeth) was evaluated. Data analysis was done with SPSS 11.5 software and X2 square was used. Results: Prevalence of nursing caries in this sample was 28%. There was a significant correlation between nursing caries and sex, tooth brushing habit, parent’s educational state, feeding with liquid sweetened with sugar, cleaning the teeth after feeding and snack eating. There wasn’t a significant correlation between visiting the dentist, using the sweetened pacifier, bottle-feeding and breast-feeding with nursing caries. 36.4% of children were caries free. The mean of dmft was 7.86 in nursing caries cases and 1.79 in others (P<0.05). Conclusion: The prevalence of nursing caries in this community is high. It’s necessary to educate parents about controlling the associating factors of nursing caries.}, Keywords = {Dental Care for Children, Dental Caries, Dentition- Primary, Knowledge, Primary Prevention}, volume = {14}, Number = {56}, pages = {10-17}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-490-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-490-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Zare, M and MalekAfzeli, H and Jandghi, J and Alammeh, M.R and Kolahdoz, M and Asadi, A}, title = {Effect of Training Regarding Puberty on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of 12-14 year old Girls}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: This study was conducted in attention to the low level of knowledge and information of adolescent girls regarding physical and psychological changes and also the importance of reproductive health to adolescent girls as one of the health priorities. Objectives: The objective of this study were to assess the effect of training and also to determine the appropriate strategies of adolescent health education to 12-14 year old girls of Semnan. Material and Methods: This study was done as a field trial through educational intervention among two groups, composed of 370 girls from Semnan as a group with training and 372 girls from Damghan without traninig in two phases before/ after education and then the knowledge, attitude and practice of the two groups were compared. Results: Comparison of the results before and after educational intervention between two groups showed that the girls’ knowledge about puberty before intervention was insufficient and had false beliefs, but training corrected their information. Also it has been shown that the proper and effective method of adolescent education is the strategy of training via their family especially through their mothers. This strategy was accepted by families and 85% of girls emphasized on this method. According to the need assessment, educational modules were prepared for early adolescence age group girls (10-14 years old). Conclusion: The results show that the cultural obstacles and difficulties concerning reproduction education can be diminshed to its minimum and successfully transferred. In attention to obtained results, it is suggested to start training from younger ages (9-10 year olds) in girls and extending that to older girls and with proper strategy educate adolescent boys.}, Keywords = {Adolescence, Health Education, Knowledge-Attitudes-Practice}, volume = {14}, Number = {56}, pages = {18-26}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-491-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-491-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Ghiravani, Z and Mesbahzadieh, B}, title = {The Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Secretion Thyroid Hormones In Healthy Male Adults}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Fasting during Ramadan plus changes in sleep schedule effects the pattern of different hormone secretions. . Objective: This study was done to determine the effect of fasting on thyroid hormone secretion and in case of satisfactory changes, fasting might be used to promote the function of thyroid gland and in case of unsatisfactory effect, at risk patients may be prohibited from fasting. Materials and Methods: Fifty-two single male students aging 18- 24 years who had at least a daily abstinence of 12 hours during Ramadan voluntarily participated in the study. Four samples of blood were taken from them: the first sample (Control) was taken two day before Ramadan and the other three samples (experimental cases) were taken at 4 pm on the tenth, twentieth and twenty- eighth of Ramadan. Besides the students had the same diet. Their weight was measured during the experiment days. Concentration of , and TSH were measured by means of “Elisa” device. Then the results were analyzed through ANOVA intra - group method. Results: The assessment of the results revealed that the serum of increased in the last days of Ramadan (P <0.01). But no changes occurred in serum of and TSH in men as compared to before Ramadan. Also during Ramadan there was a significant decrease in body weight in every subject. Conclusion: Overall the study showed that all changes in secretion of thyroid hormones in men during Islamic Fasting month are physiologic and causes no pathologic changes.}, Keywords = {Fasting, Men, Thyroid Hormones }, volume = {14}, Number = {56}, pages = {27-32}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-492-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-492-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Sexual Desire: The Role of Hormones or Neocortex?}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Sexual desire is one of the most important physiologic needs and motives in human beings. According to Islam teaching, one of things that muslims must refrain from in Ramadan fasting is sexual relation. Objective:The aim of this study is to undrestand the nature of sexual desire changes during fasting in Ramadan. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two healthy, single males aging 24-28 years were studied. During the Holy month of Ramadan, they avoided foods and drinks for about 12hrs according to the Islamic fasting program. Three blood samples were taken from each subject at 5 pm on the day before Ramadan (baseline sample), first and last day of Ramadan. Serum testosterone, LH and FSH levels were determined by RIAs. In addition, all subjects filled out questionnaire that searched for changes in parameters relevant to sexual desire. Results: Testosterone levels in 2nd 3rd test samples were significantly greater than baseline one (p=0.007,p=0.025 respectively). No traceable changes occurred in LH levels, but FSH serum levels showed significant reduction in 2nd and 3rd samples (p=0.006,p=0.001 respectively). According to the result obtained from the questionnaire, there were significant reduction in frequency of masturbation, thinking about intercourse, thinking about sexual matters and relevant visual enjoyment, and sexual matters when meeting opposite sex (p<0.01 for all parameters). In addition, there was appreciable decrease in frequency of morning erection (p<0.05). In contrast, frequency of nocturnal ejaculation was increased (p<0.05). Conclusions: Reverse changes between serum testosterone levels and those parameters related to sexual behavior with voluntary aspects, suggest voluntary influences through pathway inside CNS may overshadow peripheral effects of testosterone during Ramadan fasting. So that person can supress sexual desire by reduction in defferent type of stimuli on encephalized portion of sexual desire and this is not equal to depression of reproductive system in Ramadan.}, Keywords = {Fasting, Sex Hormones}, volume = {14}, Number = {56}, pages = {33-41}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-493-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-493-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {RahbarTaramsary, M and Orangpoor, R and Zarkami, T and Palizkar, M and Mousavian, S.A}, title = {Survey Patients Poisoned With Aluminum Phosphide (Rice Tablet)}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Aluminum phosphid (AlP) or rice tablet is one of the most common pesticides in the world. Exposure of AlP with water, steam and gastric acid produces phosphin gas (PH3) that results in poisoning. AlP poisoning is widely used for suicide in adolescent and young adult. Two third of poisoned patients expire. Objective: The goal of this research was to study epidemiological, clinical and laboratory changes in poisoned patients. Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional study the medical charts of 116 patients who were admitted to Razi hospital from April 2000 to December 2003 was reviewed. Data such as age, sex, residency, number of tablet that used, the time between poisoning & admission, vital sign & lab data such as electrolytes & ABG were gathered from patients charts & entered into the check list previously provided. Results: In this study 54.3% of patients were male. Mean age was 29.47±14.79 years & 41.2% of patients committed suicide with one tablet, 78.4% had GI manifestations, mean of systolic blood pressure was 87.48±28.66 mmHg & the time between poisoning & admission of this patients, number of tablet used, systolic blood pressure, HCO3, PH & O2 saturation were related to mortality rate (P<0.05). Conclusion: From the total patients, 68 (58.61%) of them died. Using these results and correlation of mortality rate with the time between poisoning and admission of these patients, number of tablets used, systolic blood pressure, HCO3, PH & O2 saturation, we can use these data for further studies to estimate the prognosis of these patients.}, Keywords = {Aluminum Phosphid, Phosphines, Poisoning }, volume = {14}, Number = {56}, pages = {42-47}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-494-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-494-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Hashemi, S.J and Jabalameli, M and Soltani, H.A and Heydari, M}, title = {Frequency of Cardiac Dysrythmia, Blood Pressure Changes and Level of Arterial Oxygen Saturation During Endotracheal Suctioning in Intensive Care Unit Patients}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Tracheobronchial suctioning has some complications for the patient. One of these complications is cardiac dysrythmia. Some articles mention ventricular extra systole to be common after suctioning but some other articles indicate bradycardia or premature arterial contraction (PAC) as the most common dysrythmia during endotracheol suctioning. Objective: In attention to the danger of cardiac dysrythmia during suctioning and also different existing opinions among researchers, the present study is conducted to determine the frequency of cardiac dysrythmia during tracheobranchial suctioning. Materials and Methods: Four hundred patients aging 18-65 under mechanical ventilation from intensive care units of Ayetoloh Kashani Center were selected. EKG, systolic and diastolic arterial pressure (SAP, DAP), heart rate (HR) and arterial hemoglobin saturation were recorded before the endotracheal suctioning. Then standard endotracheal suctioning was done and these parameters were determined during the suctioning. At the end of suctioning another EKG was taken and shown to the cardiologist. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ratios and also analysis variance. Results: Mean age of the patients and M/F ratio were 33±14 yrs. and 17.2 respectively. The most common abnormal rhythm during the suctioning was sinus tachycardia (33%). No other arrhythmias were seen in this study. The greater increase in HR occurred 2 minutes after endotracheal suctioning (114±20 vs. 102±16 pre suctioning)(P<0.05). Patients’ systolic blood pressure significantly rose after suctioning (P<0.05). There was insignificant difference in diastolic BP and saturated arterial hemoglobin. Conclusion: These findings suggested that endotracheal suctioning can induce sinus tachycardia but other dysrythmias, which may be dangerous in the patients under mechanical ventilation, did not occur in this study. Perhaps suctioning tracheal and bronchial secretions under correct medical conditions causes no dangerous arrythmias.}, Keywords = {Arrhythmia, Blood Pressure, Hemoglobin, Intensive Care units, Suction}, volume = {14}, Number = {56}, pages = {48-53}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-495-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-495-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Salem, K and Nickedl, M and Vejdani, P and Gholami, E}, title = {Survey DMFT Index In Twelve Year Old Children}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: One of the best ways to evaluate the activity and efficiency of a health care system is to assess WHO advised indices. In oral health systems, one of the most important of these indices is DMFT index. Objective: The aim of this research was to assess DMFT index in 12-year-old children in East of Gilan province in 2003. Materials and Methods: 855 students at age 12 were examined in three cities of Langrood, Lahijan and Siahkal, in this descriptive- analytic cross sectional study. Staged clustering randomly chose samples. Method of clinical examination was by Visual- tactile and questionnaire. Data about gender, parental education frequency of tooth brushing and number of children in the family was also recorded. Results: The mean DMFT index was 1.65, 1.49, and 1.60 respectively and about 33.3%, 39.3%, 34.4% of population was caries –free (DMFT=0). There was a positive correlation between five and more children in the family, and more than 2 times of brushing each day with DMFT. The correlation between filling teeth and education was also significant. Conclusion: The study populations are grouped in low caries group according to WHO criteria in Iran as an Eastern Mediterranean region. More efforts are needed to attain DMFT =0 for 50% of 12 year old population.}, Keywords = {Child, Dental Care for Children, Dental Caries, DMF Index, Pediatric Dentistry }, volume = {14}, Number = {56}, pages = {54-60}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-496-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-496-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Noorsalehi, E and Mojtabaii, S.H and Bolookimoghadam, K and Orangpour, R and Frouhari, A}, title = {Evaluation of Blood Transfusion and Splenectomy in Thalassemic Patients}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Thalassemia is the most common hereditary disease in the world that is widespread in some countries including the countries around the Mediterranean Sea as well as Iran. Based on the studies performed, the prevalence rate of thalassemia minor in Rasht-city is 8.5% and the prevalence rate of thalassemia major is in a ratio of 1 to 1000 population. Since this disease is an incurable chronic one, the treatment regimens are merely supportive. Obviously, the availability of a regular, appropriate method for treatment of these patients can assist them to better tolerate the sufferings from the treatment. Objective: This study was performed in order to investigate the demographic, laboratory, and clinical data of patients with thalassemia major undergoing the treatment of permanent blood transfusion in Hefdah-Shahrivar Teaching Hospital in Rasht-City and in order to evaluate their treatments. Materials and Methods: In this a descriptive study, retrospective and prospective data were gathered and 400 patients with thalassemia major who referred to Hefdah- Shahriver Hospital of Rasht in 2002 almost monthly for blood transfusion and check-up, were studied. In addition to the demographic data, in dices such as average hemoglobin level before the blood transfusion, the interval between the two periods of transfusion, annual blood need, the volume of blood transfusion bags, heart disease, megalosplenia, and splenectomy were recorded for them. Results: In this study, 50.25% of the cases were males and 49.75% females. Mean age of patients was 15.73 ± 5.77 years.32.7% of the families had 5 children or more and 30% of patients were the first child of their family. Mean age for initiation of blood transfusion was 31.67±23.39 years. Only 11.1% of patients with thalassemia major had a mean hemoglobin level of 9.5 gr/dL before the transfusion and less than one half of patients (45.8%) had mean intervals of blood transfusion less than 28 days. Meanwhile, about one third of patients had undergone splenectomy .In this study, there was a significant relation between the education level of the father and the economic level of the family with regular and early visits of patients for blood transfusion. Conclusion: It appears that intervals of blood transfusion compared to the earlier studies have had an optimal trend towards shortening but until achieving the optimum hemoglobin level before the blood transfusion, which is higher than 9.5 g/dl according to the order of WHO, there is still a long way ahead. Obviously, regular annual studies can show upward trend or even downward trend for adequacy of treatment in these patients.}, Keywords = {Blood Trausfusion, Splenectomy, Thalassemia-Therapy }, volume = {14}, Number = {56}, pages = {61-66}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-497-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-497-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Shafiei, F and AsarDavalloei, R and Ameri, A and Fesharaki, M and EbadiFardAzar, F}, title = {Effect of Training on Level of Knowledge and Attitude of Female Health Workers on Menopause and Its Related Proble}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Menopause is a natural period of life that means permanent cessation of menstruation and end of reproductive period, which occurs at age of 45-52 years. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the effect of training or knowledge and attitude of female health workers working in east of Gilan province regarding menopause and its related problems. Materials and Methods: 386 female health workers responded to questions on knowledge and attitude about menopause and its related problems. Results: Findings showed that before training, 29.5% of health workers had good knowledge, 26.2% had average knowledge and 44.3% had weak knowledge and after education the results of good average and week knowledge changed to 85.2%, 13.2%and 1.6% respectively. Also their attitude to word menopause before training the levels of attitude was 31.6%positive, 63%neutral and 5.4%negative, and after training 94.7%had positive, 2.6% neutral and 0%had negative attitude. Conclusion: The results showed training promoted level of awareness and attitude about menopause and its related problems. There was a significant difference (p<0.000) between awareness and attitude of health workers and variables such as age, work experience, marital status, educational level and sources of information before and after training. Therefore training and education is the best way of promoting the level of knowledge, changing attitude and enabling them.}, Keywords = {Education, Knowledge, Menopause}, volume = {14}, Number = {56}, pages = {67-73}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-498-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-498-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Ajami, A and Nasrolahi, M and Sharif, M}, title = {Comparison of Serological Methods for Diagnosis of Brucellosis}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Brucellosis is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases in Iran. Clinical signs are not specific and laboratory methods are necessary for definite diagnosis. Isolation of microorganism from clinical samples is the most definitive methods, but its succession depends on many factors that can not be used in all cases. Standard agglutination test (SAT) and recently Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA) are the most important serological tests for diagnosis of brucellosis. Objective: In this study we compared these two diaghostic methods in patients suspected of brucellosis in Sari in 1381. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, all patients suspected of brucellosis who referred to health centers of Sari city from 1381/2/1 to 1381/8/1 were chosen regardless of age, sex and condition. Their sera were collected and tested by SAT, 2ME (according to WHO standard methods with Pasteur institute antigen) and Elisa (IBL Hamborg). 1/80 titer in SAT consider as positive and 2 dilution difference between 2ME and SAT consider as positive IgM. Results: Overall the sera of 276 patients (183 female and 93 male) were tested for IgG and IgM antibodies against brucella. 12 samples were positive for IgG + IgM with both SAT and Elisa methods. IgG detected in 98 samples by Elisa method while 27 samples were positive for IgG by SAT. Elisa detected IgM in 6 samples while SAT and 2ME were negative and SAT and 2ME detected IgM in 3 samples while Elisa was negative. Conclusion: In diagnosis of acute brucellosis (IgM + IgG ) both technique were the same but in diagnosis of subacute and chronic disease ( IgG without IgM or visevera ) two methods were very different.}, Keywords = {Agglutination, Brucellosis, Enzyme Linked Immunosorben}, volume = {14}, Number = {56}, pages = {74-79}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-499-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-499-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {SafariAshtiani, M and EmamHadi, M.R}, title = {Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and Its Different Clinical and Demographic Features}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Carpal tunnel syndrome is an important cause of pain and functional impairment of the hand due to compression of the median nerve at wrist. About 0.5% of the general population report being diagnosed with this syndrome, but few patients consult clinicians and disease becomes self-limited. Although, the treatment is conservative, some patients require surgery. Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the various clinical and demographic features of patients who required surgery for treatment of his/her disease. Materials and Methods: From 1997 to 1999, 63 patients with surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome were studied. This study was performed in Rasht Poorsina hospital. The diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome required clinical and electro diagnostic confirmation. A Questionnaire including age, sex, occupation and underlying diseases of patients were filled. SPSS.10 Software processed data. Results: 76.2% were females and 23.8% were males and the mean age of patients was 44.818.67 years. 22.2% had underlying diseases and diabetes mellitus was the most frequent one. Nocturnal paresthesia (74.6%) was the most common symptoms and positive phalen maneuver (81%) was the most common sign. Involvement was bilaterally in 41%, and 17% & 5% in Right and Left side, respectively. The most frequent surgical indication was persistent symptoms for more than one year (39.7%). Conclusion: Carpal tunnel syndrome is a curable disease. By decreasing age of requirement to operation in our region, primary care physicians should refer complicated patients to prevent subsequent disabilities especially in younger and active patients.}, Keywords = {Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, Epidemiology,Median Nerve, Neural Conduction}, volume = {14}, Number = {56}, pages = {80-85}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-500-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-500-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Ansar, M.M and Gazor, R and Bahadori, M.H and Hosseini, F}, title = {A Rare Case Report of Musculocutaneous Nerve}, abstract ={Abstract Knowing the variations of the brachial plexus is of high importance during the surgery of axilla for surgeons. A rare case was observed in the left upper limb of a 55- year old female’s cadaver, during the routine dissection in Gilan Medical University. In this case the musculocutaneous nerve that normally arises from the lateral cord of brachial plexus, originated from median nerve, without perforating coracobrachialis muscle, and was located between biceps brachii and brachialis muscles and innervated them. Then, it pierces the deep fascia just below the elbow and extends as lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm. The nerve of coracobrachialis muscle is a branch directly isolated from lateral cord and enters into the muscle.}, Keywords = {Brachial Plexus, Musculocutaneous Nerve }, volume = {14}, Number = {56}, pages = {86-89}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-502-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-502-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {Khakpour, B and Motamedi, F}, title = {The Effect of Reversible Inactivation of Locus Coeruleus on Long-term Potentiation in the Dentate Ggyrus of Rat Hippocampus}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: The nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) is located next to the fourth ventricle of the brain . Behavioral and electrophysiological studies have revealed the importance of LC noradrenergic projections in processes such as attention, learning and memory. Long-term potentiation (LTP) in hippocampal neurons is believed to be neural basis of learning and memory. The effects of LC on hippocampal electrophysiology have been investigated since many years ago, but have had different and conflicted results. Objective: In this study the effect of reversible inactivation of LC on induction and maintenance of LTP in hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) of male anesthetized rats was investigated. Materials and Methods: This is an expelimental study. Inactivation of LC was conducted through bilateral injection of 0.5µl lidocaine (4%). For producing LTP, two high frequency stimulations (HFS), 5 minutes apart were given to perforant pathway (PP) neurons. The amplitude of population spikes (PS) and the slope of population excitatory post synaptic potentials (PEPSP) were recorded before and 5, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 120 minutes after tetanic stimulations in DG . Results: The findings of this study showed that inactivation of LC had no effect on DG granule cells baseline activity. Also, LC inactivation 5 minutes before HFS had no effect on LTP induction. However, PS amplitude was decreased significantly (P< 0.05 , P<0.01 respectively) in comparison with control group, 60 and 120 minutes after tetanization. Lidocaine injection after HFS had no effect on induced LTP. Conclusion: According to results, we can conclude that, LC inactivation has no effect on LTP production in DG area, but probably LC neurons regulate part of events that occurs during tetanic stimulations in granular cells and are necessary for maintenance of LTP in PS amplitude.}, Keywords = {Hippocampus, Lidocaine, Locus Seruleus, Long-term potentiation, Mice}, volume = {14}, Number = {55}, pages = {1-10}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-505-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-505-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Assmar, M and Motavallian, S.A and Masiha, A.R}, title = {Potential Role of Green salt (Dalar) in Fascioliasis in Animal Model}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Green salt (known as Dalar by local people) is one of the favorable traditional flavors in Northern provinces of Gilan and Mazandaran. It is made of native plants (water grasses), which commonly grow at the edge or in water resources particularly the ones providing suitable conditions for Fasciola parasite. The consumption of green salt may cause Fascioliasis. Objective: This Study was Conducted to determine the Possibility of Fasciola Transfer From Consumption of green Salt in animals. Materials and Methods: The Fasciola life cycle was established in two aquariums by simulating field conditions such as light, pH and heat followed by growing in them two native water grasses known as Khalvash and Chochagh by local people. To do this the snail Golba truncatula was first adapted to aquariums conditions and then the Fasciola hepatica eggs were introduced to one of them. Green salts were prepared from plants grown in both Metacecaria-infested and Metacercaria-free aquariums and were force fed to two groups of rabbits. Besides, Metacercaria-infested green salt was treated with vinegar and was force-fed to another group of rabbits. A group was also left as control. The rabbit’s feces were examined for Fasciola eggs with modified methods of Kato and Telman. The sera from all groups were checked by CCIE and the billiary ducts of rabbits were searched for adult worms. Results: All the rabbits fed with plants grown in Metacercaria -infested aquarium turned positive by all the deployed methods including examination of feces for Fasciola eggs, CCIE and examination of billiary ducts for adult worms while the ones fed with plants grown in Metacecaria-free aquarium were negative. The group fed with vinegar-treated green salt was also negative. Conclusion: The non-treated green salt contaminated with Fasciola Metacecercaria can cause Fascioliasis, while treating it with vinegar can prevent the infection.}, Keywords = {Fasciola, Fasciola Hepatica, Green Salt, Laboratory Techniques and Procedures}, volume = {14}, Number = {55}, pages = {11-16}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-506-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-506-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Alavi, S.H and ZamanSoltani, F and Mahmoodian, A.R and Fazel, A.R}, title = {Lectin Histochemistry Epididymal Epithelium in Mouse}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Several different cell types have been identified morphologically in the epididymal epithelium in male mammals. They absorb luminal fluid and secret sperm-maturation glycoconjugates. Lectin histochemical method is useful for detection of glycocojugates with specific terminal sugars. Objective: This study surveys the distribution of glycoconjugates containing terminal sugals in cells of different areas of epididym and its canal sperms by the use of lectins. Materials and Methods: Sample of epididymal tissue was obtained from 30 adult male BALB/C mouse. After fixation and routine laboratory process, 5 μm sections was prepared from paraffin blocks. Slides were exposed to lectins with lectin-histochemistry. Then the slides were assessed by light microscope and graded reaction intensity in different cells. Results: Basal cells reacted to MPA, SBA and principal cells to all of lectins. Reaction intensity in essential cells was different as compared to various lectins and a special lectin in different areas of epididym. Narrow cells reacted to LTA, MPA and clear cells reacted to all of lectins. There wasn’t any reaction in basal lamina and interstitial tissue except for MPA. Conclusion: epididymis secrets many sperm-maturation related glycoconjugates. Different reactions in different Probably synthesieed glycoconjugates in basal cells due to inability to reach lumen and limited reaction in membrane, are used for repair and reconstruction of membrane. Faint or lack of reactions in caput of epididymis and appearance in corpus principal cells indicates that these cells in caput are involved in fluid absorption and/or glycoconjugates secretion in corpus. Epididymal sperm transit are accompanied with focuse content increasing and alternation in other terminal sugars.}, Keywords = {Epididymis , Lectins, Mice}, volume = {14}, Number = {55}, pages = {17-26}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-507-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-507-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Abrahimi, M}, title = {Motility Parameters Changes in Sperm Due to Zinc and Cadmium Exposure}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Contamination of the ecosystems by entrance of industrial and agricultural pollutants in to the rivers has been of major recent concern. Heavy metals accumulate in the beds of rivers, lakes and seas, food chain and ultimately in human body. Their bioaccumulation in reproductive organs could exert delterious effects on spermatogenesis and sperm morphology. Objective: This study was conducted to examine the motility parameters disturbances due to zinc and cadmium exposure. Materials and Methods: Sperm exposed with different concentrations of zinc, cadmium and Combiration zinc and cadmium and sperm motility parameters were checked by computer assisted sperm analysis. Results: Cadmium, even at 50 ppm concentration affected sperm motility while zinc had toxic effect on sperm in 1000 ppm and more concentration. The interestiry Points that in Sperm incubation with zinc and cadmium simul taneaovsly, zinc has protective effect against cadmium which compensates toxic effects of cadmium against Sperm. Conclusion: The results confirmed that part of heavy metals toxicities on sperm could be due to changes in motility parameters and so the sperm cannot swim, find and fertelize ovum.}, Keywords = {Sperm, Moitility, Pollution, Cadmium, Zinc, Heavy metals.}, volume = {14}, Number = {55}, pages = {25-34}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-508-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-508-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Najafi, K and Zarrabi, H and Kafi, M and Nazifi, F}, title = {Compare the Quality of Life of Spouses of Addicted Men with a Control Group}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Substance abuse is the most common psychological disorders. Its side effects is not only related to the user but also effects their spouses and other family members. Objective: This study was conducted to determine the self- esteem, general well being and marital satisfaction of women having spouses who are substance abusers. Materials and Methods: This research is a cross sectional study. The experimental group included spouses of substance abusing men who voluntarily referred to addiction control centers in Rasht and the Control group consisted of married women referring to health care centers in Rasht. For data collection, three standard psychological questionnaires including GHQ 28(general well being score) Enrich(Marital satisfaction score), Cooper Smith (Self esteem score) and also a personal demographic questionnaire were used. From all qualified individuals, 18 wives of addicted men in experimental group and 24 wives of non-addicted men in control group were chosen through simple sampling, Information was collected by the psychologist or educated general physician by referring to addiction control centers and health care centers. Data was analyzed by SPSS 11.5 software and T test. Result: Demographic characteristics such as family income, occupation, housing condition, place of living and presence of disease were the same in both groups. The wives of addicted men showed significantly higher level of somatic symptoms(t= 2.25, P=0.03), anxiety and insomnia(t= 3.73 P=0.001) and depression(t= 4.04, P=0.0001) than the control group. Partners of addicted men also had significantly lower levels of self- esteem (t= -3.61 P= 0.0001) and marital satisfaction(t= -4/71, P= 0.0001). Conclusion: It seems that addicted men and their spouses affect each other and addicts significantly effect general areas of life. Based on the results of this study alike other western studies indicates that having an addicted husband significantly decrease his wife’s quality of life. Therefore, It’s necessary to pay more attention to the results of these studies so that authorities better understand and decrease the life difficulties of the families of addicted men.}, Keywords = {Quality of Life, Spouses, Substance Abuse }, volume = {14}, Number = {55}, pages = {35-41}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-509-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-509-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Khalkhali, M.R and Najafi, K and Zahed, GH and Heidarzadeh, A and Nazifi, F}, title = {Frequency of Cannabis Use in Patients Admitted to Psychiatry Emergency Ward}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Cannabis use is frequently found in patients suffering psychiatric disorders and studies show that it results in recurrence, need for rehospitalization, diminished efficacy of drugs and worsening of prognosis. Objective: The aim of this study was to detect the relative frequency of cannabis users in patients admitted to psychiatry emergency ward of Shafa psychiatry hospital in Rasht ,Iran, during 2004-2005. Materials and Methods: In a cross- sectional study, urinary test by RIA search for urinary metabolite of cannabis (THC…) and also an interview with pt their families was done for all pts having BPRS equal or more than 4, were tested through urinary test for Tetrahydrocannabinol(THC),the urinary metabolite of cannabis ,via Rapid immunoassay(RIA) and interview with patients and their families was done. Each patient was physically examined as well. Variables such as sex, age group, marital and educational status, place of residence and history of psychiatric problems were included in our assessment. Collected data were and analyzed by Chi-square and Fisher exact test (α = 0.05). Results: From 404 patients admitted to the emergency ward within 4 months, 20 were excluded for different reasons (such as discharge with own satisfactim, refusal inability to give urine sample). 384 were included in the study. Urine test for cannabis use was positive in 77(20.1%) cases who were all men (THC≥ 50 ng/ml), thus a significant relation was indicated between sex and positive urine test (p<0.001).In male patients bused on, Clinical interview and family interview proved 96(43.8%) and 184(84%) of them to be cannabis users, respectively. A significant statistical relation was drawn for the result of urine test and clinical diagnosis according to interview and physical examination (p<0.001). A similar relation was also found between the result of urine test and patient’s family report (p=0.024). Conclusion:According to the results of this study, a considerable fraction of patients admitted to psychiatric emergency ward are cannabis users in our hospital. Preventive ways are commended for lowering this frequency.}, Keywords = {Cannabis, Psychiatric Department- Hospital, Substance Abuse}, volume = {14}, Number = {55}, pages = {42-50}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-510-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-510-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Ebrahimzadeh, A.R and KhosravaniMoghadam, M.T and Bargian, A.H}, title = {Resulted Outcome of Artificial Bone Transplant in Treatment of Bone Diseases}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Bone transplant can be used to repair bone defects for bone grafts, alograft, autograft and synthetic bonegraft can be mentioned. Autograft is the idea transplant. But due to complication and limitation in rate of bone and difficulty providing alograft, using synthetic bonegraft in repairing bone defects are becoming popular. Objective: The aim of this survey was to evaluate resulted outcome of artficial bone transplant in treatment of bone diseases. Materials and Methods: 62 patients with bone defects who needed bone graft during one year, under went Nova Bone graft. Follow-up data were analyzed according to graft failure and bone formation. Results:6 patients out of 62 faile to form calcium after 20 weeks of follow-up(9.7%). There were no other complications (infection and noninfection) Conclusion:Using SBG (including Nova Bone) has been advocated recently due to several problems in cluding Allografts and Autografts. Favorable results (90.3% calcium formation) in Patients with Nova Bone grafts (alone or in combination with auto & Allograft) Propose the regular use of it for patients need bone grafts}, Keywords = {Bone Diseases, Bone Transplantation, Fracture Healing }, volume = {14}, Number = {55}, pages = {51-55}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-511-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-511-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Asgharnia, M and Heidarzadeh, A and Zahiri, Z and Seyhani, A.R and Pormehryabandeh, L and Oudi, M}, title = {Assessment of Women’s Knowledge Regarding Postpartum Complications and Cares}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Mother and child health is one of the major concerns of public health throughout the world. Health education and increased knowledge of mothers in relation to their health is an important strategy for improving maternal and child health. Objective: The aim of this study was the survey of postpartum women’s knowledge about complications and cares after delivery. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study that assesses postpartum women’s knowledge about postpartum complications and cares in Alzahra hospital in spring of 2003. The subjects were selected with convenience sampling method (non-probability) from women with the same case. A standard questionnaire (designed by ministry of health) was used to collect the data. This questionnaire consisted of a two-part questionnaire which included:(1) the demographics (2) assessment of knowledge level. After data collection, analysis was carried out with chi-square test by spss.10 software. Results: In this study, 384 women were assessed. Data showed that the mean age of the women was 26.50.3yrs. Only 10cases(2.6%)of women had university education. The majority of subjects were housewives 389(95.8%). An evaluation of their knowledge about postpartum complications and cares showed that 360 (93.8%) of them had very poor and 22(5.7%) of them had poor and 2(0.5%) of them had intermediate knowledge. The results indicated that there weren’t statistically significant relationship between age, parity and information source with level of knowledge (P>0.05)but there were significant correlations between education level and job with knowledge level.(P<0.05) Conclusion: Regarding the low level of the women’s knowledge about postpartum cares and complications, the researchers suggest on increasing knowledge levels by means of holding different classes and counseling sessions and also continuous visiting of the patients which can help them to reach this goal.}, Keywords = {In patients, Knowledge, Labor Complications,Puerperium, Self Care }, volume = {14}, Number = {55}, pages = {56-62}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-512-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-512-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Abdollahiyan, P and ShodjaiTehrani, H and ,Asghari, SH and Oudi, M}, title = {Relative Frequency of Gonococcal Endocervisitis and Some Associated Factors in Reproductive Age Women}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Gonorrhoeae is one of the sexual transmitted diseases. It is often asymptomatic in women and can cause a variety of complications and sequelaes, if it is left untreated. Objective: The goal of this study was to determine the relative frequency of gonococcal endocervisitis and some associated factors in women in reproductive age referring to Al-zahra hospital in Rasht from 2002 to 2003). Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. In this study, all the women who reffered to Al-zahra maternity hospital for family planning and gynecologic disease in 2002-3 were assessed with sequential non-probability sampling .All of the women, who had inclusion criteria, were examined for cervical mucus assessment (for kind and amount). Culture of cervical mucus is a standard method for diagnosis of gonorrhoea infection. So they were referred to a specific laboratory for providing samples of cervical mucus to culture in Thayer-Martin medium. After this procedure, one pathologist evaluated smears. Data gathering form included demgraphics variables like age,education and …also cause of reffering ,kind of vaginal discharge,history of vaginal infection and treatment, contraceptive methods and results of culture. Analysis carried out with chi–square test by spss.10 software. Results: In this study, 1951 women were enrolled. Most of patients 1488(76.3%) were 21-40 years old.The first coitus age in majority of cases were 20-34 years old. 1136 cases (58.2%) had a history of vaginal infection, 1167women (59.8%)were in middle class socio-economic status. Neisseria gonorrhoeae revealed in 11cases(0.6%) of cultures. There weren’t significant correlation between variations like age, first coitus age, parity, education level, socio- economic level, contraceptive methods and gonococcal infection. There was a significant statistical difference between muco-purulent vaginal discharge and gonococcal infection (p<0.004). Conclusion: Nevertheless, culture of the samples have sensitive, frequency of gonorrhoeae was similar to research that was carried out in Tehran (diagnosed with smear). In comparison with the prevalence of gonococcal infection in Asia,it was 4% and was limited to 0.6% in our study. It appears that the condition of cultural values in sexual relations, rate of gonococcal infection had decreased.}, Keywords = {Gonorrhea, Maternal Age, Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Women }, volume = {14}, Number = {55}, pages = {63-69}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-513-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-513-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Hajian, K and Sharifi, F.S and Sharifzadeh-baii, M and Shareapour, M}, title = {Prevalence of Major Abnormality and Some of Its Related Factors in Thenewborns in Shahid Yahyanejad hospital in Babol(2001)}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Today, congenital abnormality is a common cause of long term disability and mortality in children and it is one of the most important part of the medical problems. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalance of apparentmajor abnormality in the newborns who were born in Shahid Yahyanejad hospital in Babol(2001). Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study at basis of 3756 hospital records in the newborn ward in Shahid Yahyanejad hospital in Babol(2001). The data ofabnormality status, type of abnormality, gestational age, maternal age, parity, backgrounddisease of mothers (diabetes mellitus and hypertension), weight and hight of newborn havebeen collected from hospital charts. The data was ananlyzed using SPSS software and logisticregression model. Results:The findings showed that the prevalence of apparent abnormality was 4 per 1000. the rate of abnomality have a significant association with gestational age and parity (P=0.000). But there is not a significant association with maternal age, sex of newborn, and background disease of mothers. The most common anormalities were: skeletal, urogenital,CNS, head and neck. Conclusion:The findings indicated that the prevalence of apparent major abnromality is lower in compared with other reports from Iran and other countries. This can be aconsequence differences in health status and detection methods or in defective data of underrepot in the hospital records.}, Keywords = {Abnormalities, Abnormalities-Etiology, Infant }, volume = {14}, Number = {55}, pages = {70-75}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-514-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-514-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Dadgaran, S.A}, title = {Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hepatitis C Virus Among Hemodialysis Patients}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Hemodialysis Patients are at high risk of infection by Hepatitis C virus.A high prevalence of hepatitis C infection in hemodialysis patients has been reported. It causes chronic hepatitis ,and may lead to liver failure or hepatocellular carcinoma.Hepatitis C is a major cause of mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Objective: This study intends to determine the prevalence and risk factors of Hepatitis C virus infection among haemodialysis patients. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study performed on a total of 393 patients in 10 Guilan Hemodialysis Centers. For this study a questionnaire consisting of 25 questions covering demographic data and risk factors of Hepatits C virus infection was designed .Laboratory records of Elisa II assay were used to determine the prevalence of Hepatitis is C virus infection.Data of this research were analysed by SPSS ver.10. Results: The results showed that 70 patients (17.8%) were infected to HCV. Also findings showed a significant relationship between duration of dialysis(P=0.0001), frequency of dialysis per week (P=0.0001), history of liver disease (P=0.0001, history of jaundice (P=0.003), history of kidney transplant (P=0.0001), history of contact with infected persons (P=0.0001), history of blood transfusion (P=0.0001), and higher rate of hepatitis C virus infection. There was no significant relationship between sex, age, marital status and hepatitis C infection. Conclusion:It is concluded that blood transfusion ,duration of hemodialysis, more weekly dialysis sessions, history of previous renal transplantation, history of blood transfusion and history of contact with infected persons, were major risk factors of Hepatitis C virus infection in hemodialysis patients.Some useful strategies to reduce the risk of Hepatitis C virus infection based on this research findings include:1-Minimizing transfusion requirements by the use of Erythropoietin, 2- Implementing more sensitive screening methods to detect Hepatitis virus infection, 3-reducing the duration of the Hemodialysis period by early transplantation, 4-If possible, use separate machine for infected patients, 5-Stricter and more frequent enforcement of universal percautions may be required in hemodialysis centers.}, Keywords = {Disease Outbreaks, Hemodialysis, Hepatitis C,Risk Factors }, volume = {14}, Number = {55}, pages = {76-86}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-516-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-516-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Rafiei, A.R and Kariminia, A}, title = {Evaluation of Cellular Immunity of Patients with Brucellosis by Measuring Interferon Gamma (IFN-) and Interleukin-13 (IL-13) By Flow Cytometry and ELISA}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: The analysis of cytokine production is a valuable component of studies of immune response to stimulation such as pathogens, vaccines, and other immunological challenges. The animal findings Show that brucella infection induces cell-mediated responses. Some cytokines have an Important role in resistance to brucella infection. Objective: This Study is don’t to Poesent a orecise an useful unseparated whole blood of healthy normal and patients with acute and chronic brucellosis as the source of cells evaluation of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin-13 expression. Materials and Methods: Diluted whole blood samples of 27 patients with acute (14) and chronic brucellosis (n13), and sex and age-matched healthy volunteers (n=22) With Meanage of 35-33+ 21 were cultured in the presence of either mitogen heat inactivated bacteria or medium alone. Intracellular IL-13 and IFN-γ were measured by specific sandwich ELISA and flow Cytometry was detected by the number of cytokine-producing CD3+ cells. Results: Findings indicated that extrandintracellular specific IFN-Y in creased Cansiderably (P<0.001) in cute brucelles patients. not only IFN-γ production but also the number of IFN-γ- producing CD3 cells were significantly decreased in response to antigen in chronic group of patients. There was a reverse correlation between the number of IFN-γ-producing and IL-13-producing CD3 cells only in acute group which shows polarization of immune responses to Th1 in them. Conclusion: Although the percentage of CD3 IL-13-producing cells was dramatically high in the chronic group of patients, no correlation was found between the number of IFN--producing and IL-13-producing CD3 cells. In conclusion, the correlation of Th2 cytokines production and progression of chronic human brucellosis was not demonstrated. Nevertheless, diminished production of Th1 cytokines production in chronic group may suggest T cells unresponsiveness to Brucella antigen which helps prolongation of brucellosis in chronic patients.}, Keywords = {Brucellosis, Flow Cytometry, Interforous,Interleukins}, volume = {14}, Number = {55}, pages = {87-96}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-517-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-517-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Mansourghanaei, R and Ghanbari, A and RezaMasoleh, SH and Kazemnejad, E}, title = {Effective Factors on Self Management in Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Patients}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease and it is an increasing health problem worldwide. Due to increasing prevalence of diabetes and its related complications and costs, self management has become very important. Objective: This study was designed to determine effective factors on self management in insulin–dependent diabetes mellitus(IDDM) patients who referred to health therapeutic center in Rasht. Materials and methods: This research is a cross – sectional study. The sample consisted of 92 IDDM patients, who were selected by random sampling method . Data collection instrument was a four part questionnaire which covered demographic data, knowledge, perceived control and health belief of diabetes. In this research, self- management index included glycosylated hemoglobin and number of referrals to the center. In order to analyze the data, descriptive(mean,standard deviation) and inferential ( t-test , one way ANOVA, Tukey test, mann whitney—u , kruskal wallis , … ) were used . Results: Findings showed no statistically significant relationship between demographic data such as sex, age, marital status, education, employment status, health insurance status, duration of diabetes, place of living, presence of diabetic family members and sources of income with knowledge, locus of control and health belief. Also there was no significant relationship between complication with knowledge and health belief, but a significant relationship was indicated between complication with locus of control (p<0.004). The results indicated that the majority of the samples had poor knowledge (%59.8), unsatisfactory health belief (%71.7) and pour perceived control (%62). There was no significant relationship between knowledge , health belief and locus of control with glycosylated hemoglobin , number of referrals and self management . Conclusion: Identfication of effective factors on self management in educational & tharaputic planning for patients with D.M and Education of helth care workers and nursing education is important.}, Keywords = {Diabetes Mellitus-Iusulin-Dependent, Hemoglobin A- Glycosylafed , Self Care }, volume = {14}, Number = {55}, pages = {97-102}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-518-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-518-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Neshandar, H and Jahandideh, Y}, title = {Compare the Effect of Porcelain Firing on the Bond Strength of a Two Base Metal of Iranian and Original Super Cast}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: The formation of oxides on the surface of the metal are proven to contribute to the formation of strong bonding. However, the base metal alloys are expected to exhibit more oxidation than high gold alloys, increase in oxide layer thickness due to repeated firing in them can reduce the bond strength. Objective:The aim of this study was to compare the effect of porcelain firing on the bond strenght of of two base metal allays(I ranian super cast and original super cast) The cast of original alloy is more expensive that Iranian one and there was no Comparison between the bond strenght of these two alloys. Materials and Methods: A sample from both alloys with dimensions of 24× 6× 0.5 was obtained and applied on the middle one third of metal plates andther tested in a instrun 1195 machine and data were analyzed with student t test. (P0.05) Result: The mean of bond strenght Iranian super cast was 13 N and original was 13.13 N. Conclusion: That results showed no significant differences between bonds and (P=0.651) both alloys passed the ISO 9693 exam.}, Keywords = {Deutal Alloys, Deutal Banding , Deutal Porcelain }, volume = {14}, Number = {55}, pages = {103-109}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-519-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-519-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Jalali, M and Nikravesh, M.R}, title = {Study of Enamel Organ Morphogenesis in the Rat During Fetal and Postnatal Period}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Although in recent years, the dental condition of many animal models was used for odontogenesis study and survey but still knowledge about many changes of odontogenesis such as amelogenesis and morphogenesis of enamel organ is insufficient. Objective: ‏Therefore in this present study, it was tried to study the amelogenesis and ameloblast differentiation during embryonic and postnatal periods in wistar rat. Materials and Methods: Amelogensis process and ameloblast differentiation along developing molar teeth of embryonic (E15-E20) and postnatal (1-10) days in the rats were investigated by routine staining. Results: Based on data obtained, amelogenesis was first observed in the late embryonic stage (E16). On day 18th of gestation, organ of mina was differentiated and its developmental processing along to early postnatal period. After that, ameloblast maturation and enamel development continued until 9 postnatal day. Conclusion: Results of research findings indicated that amelogenesis and developmental changes in the wistar rat occurs in the late embryonic period with the phenomena of amelogenin and by the end of one week with secretion of extracellular matrix and odontogenesis, ameloblast differentiation resulted.}, Keywords = {Amelogenesiss, Enamel Organ, Molar, Morphogenesis}, volume = {14}, Number = {54}, pages = {1-8}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-520-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-520-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {ParsaYekta, Z and Ahmadi, F and Tabari, R}, title = {Factors Defined by Nurses as Influential Upon the Development of Clinical Competence}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Competence is acknowledged as a controversial issue in health care settings, which affects many different aspects of the nursing profession such as education, practice and management. Although a number of research and discussion papers have explored the issue of competence in nursing and in particular the meaning and assessment of nursing competence, to date little research has been carried out to survey the factors identified by nurses themselves as being influential upon the development of professional competence in nursing. In this regard, this study attempted to reveal factors that contribute to the formation of competence based on nurses’ experience. Once these factors understood, managers and educators might be able to implement appropriated strategies to boost nursing competence development. Objective: This study was conducted to explore and identify factors described by nurses as influential on the development of professional competence in nursing. Materials and Methods: This study is a qualitative study, which was done through content analysis. The sample consisted of fifteen registered nurses who were recruited from two Tabriz university-affiliated hospitals, which were chosen by non-probable sampling and by “sampling based on objective”. Tape-recorded semi-structured interviews were used as the data collection method. ‏The contents of the interviews were transcribed into statements based on chosen methodology and then analysed. Results: Six interrelated categories were identified from the collected data. These categories, which have some degrees of overlap, include: (I) experience (II) opportunities (III) environment (IV) personal characteristics (V) motivation (VI) theoretical knowledge. Conclusions: Based on the findings obtained, a wide domain of internal and external personal conditions and factors influence achieving clinical competence. An understanding of these factors gives nursing managers and educators a scientific basis for closer dealing with this debatable issue. Nurses need this knowledge to be better able to pursue effective competency development pathways and ultimately to be prepared for providing a high standard of care. Thus the findings of this study could have important implications for nursing practice, management and education.}, Keywords = {Clinical Competence, Nurses, Qualitative Research, Quality of Health Care}, volume = {14}, Number = {54}, pages = {9-23}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-521-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-521-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Sorkhi, H and JabbarianAmiri, A and Askarian, A}, title = {Escherichia Coli and Drug Sensitivity in Children with Urinary Tract Infection}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common bacterial infection in children. By the age of seven years, 8.4% of girls and 1.7% of boys had at least one episode of UTI. With suitable treatment, risks of complications are decreased. E.coli is the most common cause of UTI, but sensitivity of this microorganism is different in the world. Objective: Therefore this study has been done to determine the sensitivity of E.coli to drugs in this area. Materials and Methods: In this study, all children over one month old with UTI that were admitted in Amirkola Children Hospital were evaluated, and the resistance of E.coli to common drugs that were used for treatment of UTI were evaluated. Results: E.coli infected 59.5% of children, 41% of boys and 68% of girls with. The most resistance to Ampicilin was 96% and the least resistance to ceftriaxon was 6%. Eighty-one percent infected with E.coli were resistant to co-trimoxazol. Conclusion: According to this study, resistance of E.coli to the most drugs that were used for treatment of UTI were different in comparison to other area which requires attention.}, Keywords = {Child, Drug Resistance, Drug Resistance, Microbial, Escherichia Coli Infectious, Urinary Tract Infections }, volume = {14}, Number = {54}, pages = {23-28}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-522-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-522-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Basiri, K and Zare, M and Khosravi, S}, title = {Comparing MRI Findings and Blink Reflex in Patients with Brainstem Strokes}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Blink Reflex (BR) is an electro diagnostic test, which is equivalent to the corneal reflex. BR responses are classified as R1, R2 and R2c. Abnormalities of these responses have been reported in brainstem lesions. Objective: This article aims to survey diagnosis of brainstem strokes by BR in comparison to MRI findings. Materials and Methods: Twenty-two brainstem stroke patients were evaluated. Brain MRI and BR were obtained within the first 48 hours in all of them. Ten control cases of similar age and sex were enrolled to the study for determination of normal and abnormal range of BR responses. At last MRI finding were compared with BR responses. Results: from the total of 22 patients, MRI did 21 correct diagnosis of brainstem and BR did 20. BR correctly diagnosed one case, not diagnosed by MRI, and two cases with normal BR was diagnosed by MRI.. BR responses were also analyzed in midbrain, pons , modullary and cerebellar lesions . Brain MRI and BR were successful in diagnosis of the brainstem lesions in 95.4% and 90.9% cases respectively, and each test revealed some cases unidentified by other method. Conclusion: In diagnosis of brainstem lesions, it is better to use clinical findings, MRI and electrophysiological tests together. This policy can minimized the undiagnosed fraction of brainstem stroke and may prevent a catastrophic outcome.}, Keywords = {Blink Reflex, Brain Stem Infarctions, Magnetic Resonance Imaging }, volume = {14}, Number = {54}, pages = {29-35}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-523-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-523-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Kasmaei, P and AtrkarRoshan, Z and Majlesi, F}, title = {Educational Needs about Acute Rheumatic Fever in Mothers}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that occurs as a delayed, upper respiratory infection with group A streptococci. This disease with its effect on the heart has special importance on the person’s individuality, family and sociality. It is a major cause of cardiovascular mortality in developing countries. Major determinants influencing this disease are socio- economic, cultural, and environmental and health services related factors including low level of health education. Objective: The goal of his study was to determine mothers’ educational needs on Acute Rheumatic Fever in urban areas of Gilan. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study 500 mothers referring to Maternal and Child Health Centers for child monitoring and immunizing were selected by cluster sampling. Data were collected with questionnaire consisting of 41 closed ended questions. Results: Based on the findings of this study 66.3% to 95.7 of mothers had weak to moderate knowledge on four aspects (epidemiology, symptoms, prevention and side effects) from the total of five aspects (epidemiology, symptoms, prevention, side effects and treatment) of this disease and needed education. There were significant relation between educational level and knowledge level in each aspects of the disease (P<0.001). Conclusion: In attention to the low level of mothersُ knowledge and its important role in prevention of rheumatic fever and its complications, this study emphasizes face to face training programs during pregnancy and after that in Health Centers and on the other side, since there was a significant difference between educational level and knowledge level, it is emphasized that all Iranian women to have at least guidance schooling.}, Keywords = {Mothers- Education,Needs Assessment, Rheumatic Fever, Rheumatic Heart Disease}, volume = {14}, Number = {54}, pages = {35-40}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-524-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-524-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Ghaseminezhad, A and IzadiMood, N and PourGhasem, P}, title = {Survey of Relationship Between The Microbial Flora of Cervix at Time of Embryo Transfer and Invitro Fertilization (IVF) Outcomes}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: The embryo transfer to uterus is the most important process with can limit the success rate in IVF. The existence of pathogenic microorganisms in cervix may lead to infection of embryo at the time of transfer. Objective: In order to determine the relationship between microbial flora of cervix at time of embryo transfer and IVF outcome a longitudinal study was conducted on infertile women in IVF center of Mirza Koochak-Khan hospital in the years of 1379-80. Materials and Methods: Thereby 100 eligible women were entered study consecutively. They underwent IVF treatment. After transferring the embryo, 2 cm of the end of using catheters were cut and put in the tubes of physiology solution, then either cultured in chocolate agar or blood agar 5% containers. And were incubated for 48-72 hours in aerobic-anaerobic conditions. Results: The culture results were positive in 53 patients. The most frequent pathogen was E.Coli. The overall clinical pregnancy rate was 10% (10 cases). This rate was significantly more in patients with negative culture than positive cultures (14.9% versus 5.7% P=0.03) and the ongoing pregnancy rate was 10.6% and 3.8% respectively (p=0.015). The patients with positive and negative culture were not significantly different about the mean of: age, HMG consumption, serum estradiol, FSH measures and the number of embryo transferred. The mean of infertility period was different significantly, 8.9±3.8 in negative and 7.1±4.4 year in positive culture patients (p=0.03). Conclusion: The contamination of cervix with pathogenic microorganisms at time of embryo transfer is associated with decrease success rate of IVF treatment.}, Keywords = {Cervix, Embryo Transfer, Fertilization in Vitro, Microbial Flora }, volume = {14}, Number = {54}, pages = {41-46}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-525-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-525-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {NaderiNabi, B and Haryalchi, K and Farzi, F and AtrkarRoshan, Z and Ghamatzadeh, GH and seddighnezhad, A}, title = {Comparing the Effect of Normal Saline and Sodium Bicarbonate On Duration of Anesthesia Following Epidural Anesthesia by Lidocaine 2% in Patients with Femoral Fracture}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Epidural anesthesia is one of effective regional anesthesia methods for different kinds of (small and large) surgeries. Prolongation of sensory and motor block following epidural anesthesia is accompanied by long stay in PACU and more post anesthesia care requirements. One of the essential needs is limiting hospital stay and decreasing epidural anesthesia side effects. Therefore, using methods that can cause early discharge and reduce sensory-motor and sympathetic blockade period are necessary. Using crystalloid solutions is one of these methods. Objective: In this study the researcher tried to compare the effectiveness of two crystalloid solutions – normal saline and sodium bicarbonate solution – to access the best method. Materials and Methods: This research is a randomized double blind clinical trial study. Sixty ASA-II patients who had repairing surgery for fracture of femor were divided into two equal groups (thirty patients in each group). And all of them received 20ml lidocaine 2% through epidural catheter insertion. In the end of surgery, the patient was transported to recovery room and 15ml crystalloid solution – normal saline or sodium bicarbonate – was injected and then catheter was removed. The level of sensory blockage based on blocked spinal and motor blockage were examined and registered every 15 minutes by Bromage scale (zero=none, 1=motor blockage of hip, 2=hip and knee block, 3=ankle, hip and knee block). Data was analyzed by t-test and Anova tests by SPSS.10 software. Results: The mean age in normal saline group was 41± 12 and in sodium bicarbonate group was 43±11 years. There were 13 female and 17 males in normal saline group and 15 female and 15 males in sodium bicarbonate group. The mean of regression time of sensory block of sodium bicarbonate was 92min and 50sec, and due to normal saline was 99min and 25sec. The regression time of motor block due to sodium bicarbonate was 89min and 25sec, and due to normal saline was 94min and 50sec. All results were significant (P<0.05). The regression of sensory and motor block due to sodium bicarbonate was more rapid than normal saline. Any side effect was not detected. Conclusion: According to data obtained, it seems that using sodium bicarbonate as compared to normal saline at the end of femoral surgery improves sensory-motor blockade sensation due to injection of Lidocaine 2%soution and educes PACU stay period and improves anesthesia tolerance. This method could be used for all patients whom receive epidural anesthesia.}, Keywords = {Anesthesia, Epidural,Femoral Fractures- Surgery, Lidocaine, Normal Saline, Sodium Bicarbonate}, volume = {14}, Number = {54}, pages = {46-52}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-526-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-526-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Falahatkar, S and Atrkarroshan, Z and Askari, A and Shafaghi, A and Bagherian, M and Shekarchi, KH and Foroohari, A}, title = {Prevalence of Hidden Prostate Carcinoma}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is the most common benign tumor in males and a major cause of urinary symptoms in most males over 50. Prostate cancer is the second lethal cancer, after lung cancer, in the males. Objective: In attention to the possibility of occurring incidental carcinoma in BPH patients, in this study we decided to estimate its prevalence in urology centers of Rasht hospitals: Razi, Aria and Golsar. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross sectional study, from April 2000 through July 2002, we interviewed all patients who later underwent surgery for BPH and filled out the questionnaire form. The reports of the patients were collected from patients and Rasht pathology centers. Data were analyzed by SPSS.9.0 using chi square test, t- test and fisher exact test. P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: From 1437 patients, 39 patients were excluded from study because their pathology reports were not found, and 1398 patients were enrolled. The mean age of patients were 67.8± 7.8 years (43-91). Prostate carcinoma was detected in 75 patients (5.4%), and all had adenocarcinoma. Mean age of prostate cancer group was 69.4± 8.3 years. Fifty patients (66.7%) were smokers. Familial history of prostatic cancer was negative in all patients in cancer group. In patients with diagnosis of cancer, the major symptoms at admission were irritate symptoms (5.3%), irritate obstructive (94.7%) and none of them had only obstructive signs. The grade of tumor in 62.3% was well differentiated and in 37.7% was moderate differentiated. The mean of PSA in cancer and BPH groups were 8.2± 12.7 and 2.6± 4.1 mg/ml respectively (P= 0.0001) The kind of operation in 53.1% was TURP and in 46.9% was open prostatectomy. In prostate cancer group, 76% of operations were TURP and in 24% were open prostatecomy. Conclusion: In this study, prevalence of prostate cancer in operated patients with a BPH diagnosis was 5.4% that is similar to other studies.}, Keywords = {Prostatectomy, Prostate Hyperplasia, Prostate Neoplasm}, volume = {14}, Number = {54}, pages = {53-60}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-527-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-527-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Honarmand, H.R and Eshraghy, S and KhoramiZadeh, M.R and MansourGhanaie, F and Fallah, M.S and Rezvani, M and AbdollahPour, GH}, title = {Survey Spread of Positive Lepotospirosis by ELISA in Guilan Province}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Lepotospirosis is most widespread zoonosis in the world and is prevalent in tropical and temperate regions. Diagnosis of leptospirosis by clinical symptoms is difficult due to lack of specified pathogenic signs and similarity of its clinical symptoms to some bacterial and viral febrile disease, so laboratory plays an important role and ELISA is a common serological method. Animal leptospirosis is common in regions of Iran where traditional and un mechanized husbandry are used. But human leptospirosis is only prevalent in Guilan and Mazandaran and is endemic in Giulan. Factors such as climate conditions, wild animals, rice plantations, environmental water and finally keeping pets by traditional ways all contribute to this disease in Guilan. Objective: This study was done to determine the epidemiological characteristics of leptospirosis in Guilan. Materials and Methods: The sample of this study consisted of all suspected persons who referred to general hospitals of Guilan province. Blood samples were taken from these patients. All blood samples were examined by a commercial ELISA kit to detect positive cases and determine epidemiological features of this disease in this province. Results: Findings show that most of positive cases belong to males (62.37%) than females (27.23%), and in farmers (86%) and in warm months (90% from first of Khordad to end of Sharivar), and its frequency in middle age (20 – 50 year olds) was almost 65%. Conclusion: The geographical spread of the disease was more in big cities of Guilan province where had more villages and were crowded as well. This study showed that most cases of disease was detected in people who are somehow involved in farming.}, Keywords = {Immunoglobulin G, Immunoglobulin M, Leptospirosis, Leptospirosis- Epidemiology}, volume = {14}, Number = {54}, pages = {59-67}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-528-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-528-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {MohammadiNikooie, H and Ebrahimian, R}, title = {Survey of Etiological Factors of Obstructive Jaundice Undergone Operation}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Obstructive jaundices are those caused by obstruction of the extra hepatic bile ducts. Among causative reasons factors such as bile cholestatic, tumors and other benign factors such as obstructions (1). Objective: The aim of this survey was to study the causes of the cholestatic Jaundice Guilan province, in attention to high prevalence of decreased G6PD enzyme, thalesemia and different hemolytic anemia. Materials and Methods: In the study with reference to archive of Razi and Poorsina hospitals, 314 patients with obstructive jaundice were selected and data extracted from patient charts. Results: Of 314 patients, 125 were males (39.8%) and 189 (60.2%) were females. Average age of patients was 60 to 70 years. The most common reasons for obstructive jaundice was related to cholestate (54.8%), then tumors (28%), and benign obstruction (17.2%). Sixty percent of stones were pigmentations and 40% wrer cholesterol. Factors related to tumors were cancer of pancreas (61.4%), and then cholocangiocarcinoma (19.3%). It’s important to note that from 54 cases of benign factors related to obstructive jaundice 18 patients had ampullary stenosis and 17 had faslioliasis and from 103 patients who had pigmented stone, 17 patients had hemolytic anemias. Conclusion: Based on the medical literature, the common causes of cholestatic jaundice are choledocholithiasis, cholangio carcinoma, pancreatic cancer and Billiary stricture. Of stones the cholesterol type is very common and the hemolytic anemia producing pigmented stones doesn’t consist the major causes of billiary stones. In this survey pigmented stones are more common than the cholesterol type. (103 pigmented stones versus 69 cholesterol stones). There are 17 cases of hemolytic anemia accompanied by 103 cases of pigmented stone.}, Keywords = {Billiary Tract Neoplasm’s, Cholestasis-Extra hepatic, Jaundice-Obstructive, Gallstones }, volume = {14}, Number = {54}, pages = {66-70}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-529-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-529-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Shahsavari, F and Pourmohammadi, M and Farahvash, M.H}, title = {Frequency of Gingivitis in Beta- Thalassemia Major}, abstract ={Introduction: Beta-thalassemia major patients require regular blood transfusion. These patients may suffer diabetes, heart or liver disease due to this treatment. As a result they need regular medical examination and care. Unfortunately oral and dental problems in these patients receive little attention. Available information in references on the prevalence of gingivitis is scant and this study was designed to investigate the frequency of gingivitis in these patients. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of gingivitis through the Gingival Index in beta-thalassemia major in comparison with healthy controls. Materials and Methods: This is a cross sectional study with a control group. The sample included 58 patients and 58 healthy controls (from referrals to the college and healthy partners of patients) and the Gingival Index was used for all the samples. The two groups were matched regarding to age, sex, socio-economic condition and oral hygiene. Results: Thirty-nine of patients had mild and 19 patients had moderate gingivitis. In control group 55 healthy controls showed mild and three controls moderate gingivitis. None of the samples had severe gingivitis. There was significant difference in GI scores between the two groups (P<0.01). The mean serum ferritin level in patients was 1758.67 ng/ml and 39 patients had been splenectomized. biopsy of spleen. There was no correlation between serum ferritin level, splenectomy and GI in thalassemia patients. Conclusion: Increased gingivitis is shown in thalassemic patients and they need special dental attention (especially the condition of gums).}, Keywords = {Beta Thalassemia, Beta Thalassemia- Complication Gingivitis}, volume = {14}, Number = {54}, pages = {71-76}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-530-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-530-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Esmailpour, N and Asgharnia, M}, title = {Early Neonatal Injuries in Normal Vaginal and Cesarean Deliveries}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: About one percent of all deliveries are abnormal and 4% are “difficult” deliveries and since a long time ago vaginal delivery is considered as preferred method or delivery. Objective: The goal of this study was to provide a relatively complete picture of early neonatal injuries in vaginal and cesarean deliveries. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective descriptive study and the sample consisted of all women who delivered in Al-Zahra Maternity Hospital (Rasht) between 1998 June 20th to 1999 October 20th, whose neonate had some sort of injury. Their appropriate data was collected in a census sampling procedure. Results: There were 5289 (40%) cesarean section and 7828 (60%) normal vaginal deliveries with 24 (4.5per1000) early neonatal injuries in cesarean and 117 (1.5per1000) in vaginal deliveries. Most injuries in cesarean deliveries were ulcerations located on faces and skulls and in vaginal deliveries were clavicle fractures 19(3.6per1000) and 40 (5.3per1000) respectively. Conclusion: It appears that early neonatal injuries are more in vaginal deliveries than cesareans and elective cesarean may be a preferred procedure for some pregnant women. Although for thorough assessment a randomized clinical trial may be needed.}, Keywords = {Cesarean Section, Delivery Obstetrics, Infant-Newborn, Labor Complications }, volume = {14}, Number = {54}, pages = {76-84}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-531-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-531-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Farmanbar, R and Asgari, F}, title = {Study of Constraining Factors of Research from the Viewpoint of Faculty Members in Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Science, research, culture and politics are interdependent. Advent of developments in each of these fields can not be realized without establishment of the coordinated developments in other fields in a sustainable way. Research is one the key ares in the area of national security. Quality and quantity of scientific products are the most important indicators for national development in the country. At present, there is a great gap between the scientific products of Iran and many other countries in the world. Despite the increased rate of research credits as well as the increased number of investigators in our country, there is no appropriate increase in number of research projects approved by Iranian universities of medical sciences and in number of internationally published articles. Thus, we attempted to investigate the deterent factors and the constraints for research among the main elements of universities (faculty members). Objective: This study was carried out to determine the deterent factors for implementing the research projects from viewpoint of faculty members in Guilan University of Medical Sciences in 2003. Materials and Methods: Present study was carried out in a descriptive method by using a questionaires developed by Fonk et. al and its validity and reliability was established. The questionnaire was given directly to all faculty menbers of Guilan University of Medical Sciences (N=28) and finally, 186 people answered. Data were analyzed by statistical software of SPSS and inferential statistics. Results: Examination of results showed that administrative and organizational factors in view of faculty members were the most important deterent factors for research. The majority of faculty members (76.9%) as assistant- Professor believed that authorities and mamagers didn’t pay attention to the results of applied research while the majority of faculty members as educators (87.6%) believed that there was no strong motivation for research. Conclusion: Research limitations can be eliminated by effective leadership and management in the field of research in universities and by establishment of research facilities and possibilities such as establishing research consultation nucleus and shortencd period of time for assessment and approvement of research projects and by reduction of teaching hours and educational duties and by establishing opportunities in the areas of research and by enabling research areas by faculty members.}, Keywords = {Attitude, Faculty, Research, Universities}, volume = {14}, Number = {54}, pages = {84-91}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-532-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-532-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Mohammadzadeh, M.A}, title = {Seven Years Outcome of Little Abdominal Anerism}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Long-term outcome of small abdominal aortic aneurysms is not well known in Guilan province. Objective: The aim of this study was to follow up of small abdominal aortic aneurysms for seven years. Materials and Methods: Thirty-nine patients with small and asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysm (27-41 mm) were chosen from Poursina and a private hospital in Rasht and they were followed son graphically from 1377-1384. Results: Mean follow up time was 4.5 years. There was 1.5 mm aneurismal dilatation per year. (0-9.5mm). Two patients referred with abdominal pain and sign and symptom of aortic dissection (5.1%) whom have been operated as an emergency case. Sixteen cases needed elective aortic reconstruction (40.8%). Two of them (5.1%) died postoperatively. Their health status after seven year was 57%. Mean time necessary for aortic rupture was 5.2 years. (1.9-7 years), and mean time for aortic reconstruction was 3.5 years (1.7-7 years). Conclusion: The fate of small abdominal aortic aneurysms depends on the rate of growth and its size, which occasionally causes death due to rupture. Observations indicate the important of controlling these patients in prevention of side effects.}, Keywords = {Aneurysm, Aneurysm- Ruptured, Aortic Aneurysm-Abdominal}, volume = {14}, Number = {54}, pages = {92-96}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-533-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-533-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Bahmani, N and SoltaneDalal, M.M}, title = {Comparative Study of Selective Media for Recovery of Pathpgenic Yersinia Enterocolitica and Yersinia Enterocolitica –like species From Direct and Stool Culture}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Yersinia is a gram negative bacteria and member of the family enterobactericeae. Pathogenic Y.enterocoliticace is significant cause of human disease in many parts of the world. Objective: Three objectives were followed in this study: 1) determined ability of different media in pure growth of yersinia strains, 2) determine the ability of different media in suppression of fecal flora and 3) assessing the ability of these medias in recovery of yersinia from experimentally inoculated stool specimens. Materials and methods: This study contains three phases that at the first phase 42 suspensions of pure yersinia strains inoculated to CIN agar, Mac conkey agar (MAc). Cellobiose, Arginia, lysine Agar (CAl), yersinia selective Agar (YSA), Hekton Entric Agar (HEk) and blood Agar (BA), then recovery rate was compared with BA. At the second phase 20 suspensions of stool specimens without diarrhea was inoculated on above medias and its suppression rate was compared with BA. At the third phase suspension of mixed stool from phase two was diluted with 10-2 and 10-7 and 31 yersinia stains and two dilution rate of 103 and 104 Cfu/ml was added and rate of yersinia was compared with CIN agar. Results: At the first phase, maximum mean growth of pure culture yersinia strains belonged to CIN (89.5%) & minimum growth was on Hek (45.7%). At the second phase, maximum suppression rate belonged to CIN (88.2%) & minimum was MAC (9%) and at the third phase maximum recovery rate was on CAL (47.2%) and minimum was on HEk(20.2%;24.1%) and MAC(17.7%;21.4%). Conclusion: Statistical calculation and Bonferroni test indicated that CIN agar compared with other four medias is a highly selective and differential medium with high sensitivity. Our results indicated that fecal flora decreases recovery of enteric pathogens from stool specially Y. enterocalitica and use of high selective medium in laboratory significantly increases isolation of Y.enterocolifica and Y.enterocolitica -like species from multibacteria specimens like stool.}, Keywords = {Culture Media, Yersinia ,Yersinia Enterocolitica}, volume = {14}, Number = {53}, pages = {1-9}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-534-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-534-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Pakseresht, S and Mirhaghjoo, S.N and Kazemnejad, E and Vazifehshenas, A}, title = {Women’s Educational Needs Regarding to Family Planning Methods}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Proper intervention of family planning needs informed, active and volunteered cooperation of all people and families. Such cooperation can only be insured through education. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the educational needs of women referring for birth delivery to Al-zahra Educational center regarding family planning methods in 2002. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 285 pregnant women who were randomly chosen on even days in postpartum unit. Data was collected through a questionnaire, which was used to determine its validity and reliability. Results: The mean age was 26.7 years, with 2.2 pregnancies, 2.1 deliveries, and 6.9 years of married life. From all samples 55.1% lived in cities and 57.7% were illiterates or had elementary schooling and only 3.2% had education higher than high school. 61.8% of samples had information about contraceptives and 56.1% of them received this information from health centers and only 1.4% mentioned TV as their source of information. And 27.7% of samples had low level of information about natural methods of contraception and 10.2% had efficient level of information which indicated that 89.8% need information at a moderate to high level. In regard to hormonal contraceptives, 41.8% had needed information and only 9.8% had little information that needs more education. In relation to their knowledge level about surgical methods, 18.2% had low-level Knowledge who needs more education and 62.8% had moderate to high level of knowledge regarding barriers. The findings also showed that there is a significant correlation between education level, knowledge, number of pregnancy and delivery, years of marriage and knowledge needs (P<0.02). Conclusion: Increasing the knowledge level of people about family planning is essential and can play an important role in preventing and decreasing economic and social problems.}, Keywords = {Contraception- Methods, Family Planning, Knowledge, Women}, volume = {14}, Number = {53}, pages = {9-13}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-535-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-535-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Miladi-Gorgi, H and Vafaei, A.A}, title = {Effect of Systemic Injection of Vasopressin on Anxiety in Plus Maze in mice}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Previous studies indicated that vasopressin as a neurotransmitter can have a role in modulation of anxiety reactions. Objective: The present study was designed to evaluate the role of vasopressin as a neurotransmitter on the fear and anxiety in plus maze model. Materials and Methods: Male albino mice (mean weight of 25-30 g) were used for these experiments. First animals were randomly divided into three control and experimental groups. Then 5-10 μg/kg vasopressin was administered to experimental group and same amount of normal saline was given to control group ten minutes before the experiment. And in order to increase their movement and curiosity, they were put inside the black wall box for 5 min. Then animals were transferred to the Plus Maze and evaluated their anxiety reaction through observing the standard index of anxiety assessment. Results: Results indicated that injection of vasopressin in both doses reduced anxiety reaction as compared to saline group and in the test group animals have more number of entrances and spent more time in open arm (P<0.01). Conclusion: The above results show that vasopressin plays an important role in reduction of anxiety in Plus Maze model.}, Keywords = {Anxiety, Mice, Vasopressins }, volume = {14}, Number = {53}, pages = {14-19}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-536-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-536-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Aminzadeh, Z and Poorkazemi, A and Yaghmaei, F and Gachkar, L}, title = {Survey of PPD Status, Booster Phenomena and Standard Skin Anergy Test in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: The incidence of tuberculosis among patients with chronic renal disorders and under hemodialysis is sixteen times more as compared to other individuals of the society and the findings of tuberculin skin test in this group were negative in 30-40% of cases. To ascertain the immunity status of the above patients is helpful in analyzing the status of tuberculosis infection. Objective: This research has been undertaken to evaluate the status of tuberculin test and the phenomenon of remembering as well as to evaluate the skin anergy among the patients of chronic hemodialysis. Materials and Methods: The method of research is descriptive and its data collection tool was interview and observation. Forty-three hemodialysis patients from Taleghani and Modares hospitals were subjected to tuberculin skin test and anergy. Skin test with the use of tetanus and diphtheria toxoid solution was carried out on the hand without fistula within a 10 CM distance. The result was announced after 48-72 hours. Those patients whose tuberculin skin test was less than 10 mm were subjected once again to PPD. Results: The average age of the patients under study was 56.6± 5.7. The time of dialysis was 54.2 ± 67.1 months and the instances of dialysis were 2.9 ± 0.3 times per week. First PPD induration was 7.1 ± 4 and 16.3 % of test findings were negative (<5 mm) and 53.5 % had induration measurement of 5- 10 mm and 30.2 % had positive result of more than 10 mm. There was a weak correlation between the findings of first PPD and age, which was statistically insignificant. There was not significant correlation between the findings of first PPD and tuberculosis precedence. There was a weak correlation between the time of dialysis and the first time PPD measurement, which was statistically insignificant. Induration measurement of anergy test was 3.9 ± 2.8 the result of this test was negative (<2 mm) in 18.6% of the patients. 83.3% of the patients with the result of less than 10 mm on the first PPD test were positive on anergy test, 28.6 % of patients had negative results for both tests of anergy and first PPD. The indurations balance of second PPD was 7.4 ± 2.8 mm and 2 patients (4.6 %) out of the total patients had result of less than 5 mm on first and second tuberculin test and showed the result of less than 2 mm on the anergy test. Conclusion: In attention to 14% of cases with negative results on anergy test who showed positive result on tuberculin test, it’s suggested that PPD and Booster tests in combination with anergy tests can be better than using tuberculosis screening in hemodialysis patients.}, Keywords = {Ridney Failure-Chronic, Tuberculin Test, Tuberculosis}, volume = {14}, Number = {53}, pages = {19-23}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-538-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-538-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Farokhi, M and MesdaghiNia, A.R}, title = {Study the Kinetics of Activated Sludge in Integrated System (Fenton Oxidation/Activated Sludge) for Removal of 2,4,6 Trichlorophenol}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: 2, 4, 6 trichlorophenol (TCP) is one of the most toxic Chlorophenols and is very difficult to biodegradation. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are the most effective processes for the degradation of persistent compounds, since the mineralization of recalcitrant compound by AOPs often requires long reaction time and strong dose of oxidant, the combination of this process with biological one considered as one efficient and economic method. Objective: Integration of Fenton oxidation with activated sludge as an efficient and economic method for removal of 2, 4, 6 trichlorophenol and on kinetics of activated sludge in this integrated system was studied. Materials and Methods: This study performed in pilot scale of Fenton oxidation / Activated sludge Integration for treatment of 2-4-6 TCP wastewater and all analytical methods were according to 19Th edition of standard methods. Results: The study results showed that intermediates in effluent from Fenton reactor [H2O2] /[Fe2+] =3 , [H2O2] / [TCP] =3 Oxidation Time = 1hr and pH= 3 [TCP] 0 = 120 mg/ equal COD=150 mg/L), was degraded by activated sludge process and COD reduction was ~%75. Increasing aeration time from 6 hr to 18 hr has no significant effect on removal efficiency (α =0.01). ML VSS increasing from 200 mg/L to 800 mg/L after 21 days indicated that TCP concentration in Fenton reactor effluent didn’t have inhibitory effect on microbial growth. Increasing of TCP concentration from 120mg/L to 240mg/L has no significant effect on removal efficiency, however removal efficiency decreases to %71. Activated sludge kinetics were studied and y= 0.66 mg/mg Kd =0.088 day-1 Ks = 109 mg/ L, K = 2.04 day-1 determined. Conclusion: As results this integrated system was an efficient method for removal of 2,4, 6TCP and result from increasing aeration time and TCP concentration, as sole substrate source for Activated sludge combined with Fenton oxidation was not adopted with Monod equation.}, Keywords = {Chlorophenols, Kinetics, Oxidation, Sewage}, volume = {14}, Number = {53}, pages = {24-30}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-539-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-539-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Baghi, I and Mohammadzadeh, M.A}, title = {Relative Frequency of Causes of Acute Pancreatitis in Hospitalized Patients}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: In different countries, different etiologic factors are considered to be responsible for acute pancreatitis. Objective: In this study we tried to determine the relative frequency of etiologic factors of acute pancreatitis in our patients. Materials and Methods: This study is a retrospective one and we studied all patients with documented acute Pancreatitis in Poursina and Razi Hospital. 158 patients were studied from 1994-1999. Data were processed. Results: From 158 pt, 97(61%) were female and 61 were male (39%). The ratio of female to male was 1.59. Most patients were 41-50 years old. For 78pts (49%), the etiologic cause was unknown, (Idiopathic). Known causes included: Biliary stone (41%), Alcohol (3.3%), previous surgery (1.9%), and trauma (0.63%). Mortality rate was 13.3% (21pts) with highest rate in 61-70 year old age group. Diagnoses of 17 cases were revealed after explorative laparatomy. Conclusion: In this study in 49% of Pancreatitis, the etiologic causes weren’t known in other studies 7-21% of Pancreatitis were idiopathic. It may be due to missing of other causes the biliary stones were the most were the most cause of acute pancreatitis. This is different from other studies in American & European countries.}, Keywords = {Abdominal Pain, Pancreatitis, Pancreatitis- Etiology, Pancreas}, volume = {14}, Number = {53}, pages = {31-35}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-540-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-540-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Paryad, E and Jahanshahi, M and Jafroodi, SH and KazemNezhad, E}, title = {Survey of the Quality of Care in Provided in Prevention of Pressure Sores in Hospitalized Patients in Orthopedic Wards}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Immobility refers to limitation of physical activity. If immobility continues for a long term can cause serious complications such as skin injuries that form pressure sore. A study conducted in USA reported the morbidity rate due to pressure sore in patients was 19% and an another study showed this rate in patients in orthopedic ward in Tehran was 25% . Objective: Since promoting the quality of care can prevent many immobility complications, therefore this descriptive study was performed. The purpose of this study was to determine quality of care in prevention of pressure sore. Materials and Methods: The tool of data collection had three sections including: predicting Braden Scale, demographic data form, check list for determining quality of care in prevention of pressure sore and quality of structures. Results: The results of study showed that in the majority of cases (87.1%) the performed care process for prevention of pressure sore was almost satisfactory. Findings also showed that quality of structure in this educational-therapeutic center, in the majority of cases (72.9%) was undesirable. Other findings indicated a statistically significant relationship between performed quality of care process and quality of structure (P<0.004, r=. 0.341) Conclusion: Quality of structure in the majority of cases was undesirable, this can affect on quality of care in prevention of pressure and it seems the managers’ knowledge can arise quality of care in that center.}, Keywords = {Decubitus Ulcer, Immobilization, Quality of Health Care }, volume = {14}, Number = {53}, pages = {36-42}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-541-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-541-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {ZahiriSorouri, Z and Faraji, R}, title = {Survey of The Level of Concordance Between Hysterosalpigography (HSG) and Laparoscopy in Diagnosis of Tubo-Peritoneal Factors in Infertile Women}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: The HSG is a noninvasive method for tubal assessment in infertile couple and is used as screening test, but laparoscopy is the “gold standard” of tubal disease diagnosis, but it is not used as screening test due to its invasiveness and it’s only used in special circumstances. Due to different results about concordance between these two methods, this study was undertaken. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess concordance between HSG and laparoscopy for tubal disease. Material and Methods: This is a prospective study and laparoscopy was done on 200 patients who underwent HSG for assessment of tubal disease from 1999-2002 in Alzahra hospital and then the sensitivity , specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of HSG in tubal obstructive,hydrosalpinx and peritoneal adhesion was assessed. At last the concordance between two procedures was calculated. Results: The mean age was 28.55.1.The mean duration of infertility was 3.83.1 years. The results showed that the sensitivity and specificity of HSG in tubal obstruction and concordance with laparscopy are 60%, 81% and 36% respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of HSG in hydrosalpinx and concordance with laparoscopy are 23%, 95% and 23% respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of HSG in peritoneal adhesions, endomtriosis and concordance with laparoscopy are 37%, 79% and 17% respectively. Conclusion: Our results showed the HSG isn’t an accurate procedure for diagnosis of tubo-peritoneal pathology, It seems that not doing HSG by only one radiologist can intervene with the result because of different radiologist’s experience in taking film and reports of graphy, therefore it can lead to false interpretation. It’s suggested that another study for completing these results be carried out}, Keywords = {Hysterosalpigography, Infertility-Female, Laparoscopy, Peritoneal Cavity}, volume = {14}, Number = {53}, pages = {43-48}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-542-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-542-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Asgharnia, M and Esmaeelpour, N and Panahandeh, Z and Sajedi, T}, title = {Relative Frequency of IUD Expulsion in Women}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Intra- Uterine Devices (IUD) use is among effective contraceptives available in different forms and spontaneous or deliberate expulsion of IUD is a common complication.. Objective: It’s to determine expressed associated reasons for expulsion of inserted IUDs among clients referred to Family Planning Specialty- Research Center. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, all 367 women who referred to the center for removal of IUD for any reason from 1997 to 2001 were selected. The samples’ demographic characteristics and relative frequency of their expressed reason for removal of IUD were recorded. Results: Totally 51.2% of clients referred for two reasons: wish to get pregnant, and hemorrhagic conditions or anemia. The least expressed reasons were prolepses (0.54%) and husband vasectomies (0.81%). Conclusion: IUDs insertion must be done for women with decisive decision not to have children in long-term period and operative technicians to have sufficient training for insertion of IUDs, and thereby to prevent early and spontaneous expulsions.}, Keywords = {Family Planning, Intrauterine Devices, Intrauterine Devices- Adverse Effects }, volume = {14}, Number = {53}, pages = {49-56}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-543-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-543-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {AbbasiRanjbar, Z}, title = {Prevalence of Allergic Rhinitis Among Children in Rasht}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: The prevalence of allergic diseases has increased worldwide in last decades. Objective: This study is conducted to assess the severity and prevalence of the symptoms of allergic rhinitis among children of Rasht city from 2001-2002 and compare it with similar study conducted in 1993-1995. Materials and Methods: Total of 6145 primary (6-7 years old) and guidance (13-14 years old) school students were randomly selected and studied. It was a descriptive study. The students responded to written questionnaire of Isaac (international study of asthma and allergy in childhood) protocol for 6-7 and 13-14 years olds. Data were collected and double entered and was analyzed with SPSS software. Result: A total 6060 questionnaires were collected and analyzed. In positive response to history of rhinitis 429 (14.3%) were 6-7 year olds and 822 (28.2%) were 12-13 year olds and the difference between two age groups was significant and also it was significantly higher in males. The prevalence of “recent rhinitis” and symptoms of ). “Rhinoconjectivitis” was higher in guidance school children than elementary group (in all cases P<0.05). 191 elementary students (63% with rhinitis ) and 316 guidance students (62% with rhinitis) stated limited daily activity due to rhinitis which was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Comparing the results obtained in this study with the similar study done in 1994-1995, the prevalence of symptoms of allergic rhinitis was higher in all students but its severity did not increase. It is suggested that further study to assess risk factors of this disease in this region to be conducted.}, Keywords = {Allergy and Immunology, Child, Epidemiology, Rhinitis}, volume = {14}, Number = {53}, pages = {56-62}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-544-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-544-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {EmamHadi, M.R and Hatamian, H.R}, title = {Epidemiological survey of Traumatic Brain Injury in Hospitalized Patients in Rasht}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Each year 50000 deaths in the United States are associated with TBI, representing more than 33% of all injury –related deaths. Motor- Vehicle accidents are the major causes of TBI that its occurrence has been increasing in our country in recent years. Objective: We decided to study TBI in our region to evaluate the Epidemiological features of this health problem. Materials and Methods: In a six- month period in 2001, we reviewed TBI-patients records in Rasht Poorsina hospital and data such as age, sex, mechanisms of trauma and Radiological findings were collected. We staged the severity of trauma by Glascow- Coma-Scale. Data were analyzed by SPSS software. We used Chi-Square test and P-Value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: From the total of 715 patients, 79.3% were males and 20.7% were females with a male to female ratio of 2.6 to 1. The most common age group was 15-24 years. Majority of patients were students. The most frequent mechanism of trauma was motor-vehicle accident. 89.7% of injuries were mild in severity. There was a significant relation between C.T Scan findings and severity of injuries. (P<0.0001) Isolated brain injury was seen in 71.6% of patients. Conclusion: This study showed that we should pay more attention to TBI in young patients who are the most active potential forces of our society.}, Keywords = {Accidents- Traffic, Brain Injury, Inpatients, Wounds and Injuries}, volume = {14}, Number = {53}, pages = {63-68}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-545-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-545-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Safarpoor, F and HedayatiOmami, M.H}, title = {The importance of Sestamibi Scan on the Localization of Parathyroid Adenomas}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: The success in parathyroid surgery depends on the preoperative localization of abnormal parathyroid glands. In primary hyperparathyroidism, Sestamibi scan successfully localizes the parathyroid adenoma. By preoperative localization the duration of operation is reduced. Objective: The goal is to determine the impacts of preoperative sestamibi scan on the rate of success in the first exploration of neck and on the duration of operation in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Materials and Methods: In a retrospective study the medical records of 28 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism who underwent parathyroidectomy during last 5 years (2000-2004) are reviewed. Results: In 26 (92.8% of) patients the adenomas were at the same sites where were localized by the sestamibi scan. In one patient the adenoma was embedded in a thyroid nodul, and in another patient, the adenoma was ectopically located in the upper mediastinum. The duration of operation was 63±minutes. There was no serious complication. Conclusion: By preoperative localization of the abnormal parathyroid glands in first exploration for primary hyperparathyroidism, the abnormal gland can be resected successfully in shorter duration.}, Keywords = {Adenoma, Diagnostic Imaging, Hyperparathyroidism }, volume = {14}, Number = {53}, pages = {69-74}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-546-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-546-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Herfatcar, M.R}, title = {Report of a petit traumatic lumbar hernia}, abstract ={Abstract Lumbar hernia is one of the rare hernias. It occurs through parietal abdominal wall defect at the lumbar triangles. The most common site of herniation is inferior lumbar triangle (petit). Up to now only 300 lumbar hernias have been reported in the literature. In this article the author reports another rare interesting case of posttraumatic lumbar hernia following harvesting a bone graft from iliac crest. In this case patient is a 60years old Farmer man who sustained cervical spine fracture due to blunt trauma. A colleague with iliac bone graft operated him. After 2 years he developed an abdominal mass associated with intermittent pain at the left flank region. Clinical investigation confirmed inferior Lumbar hernia (petit) that was repaired by prolen mash successfully. After one year follow up there was no complication or recurrence.}, Keywords = {Abdominal Wall, Hernia- Ventral, Lumbosacral Region }, volume = {14}, Number = {53}, pages = {75-79}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-547-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-547-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2005} }