@article{ author = {Jafari, M.A and Taghavi, K and Hasani, H}, title = {Survey the THMs Value in Drinking Water in Lahijan and Suggestions in Order to Product Control after Disinfection}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Considering the surface water resource as one of the main potable water supplies and the application of chlorine as one of the main disinfectant drinking water has increased the rate of Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) formation. One of the main group of DBPs are THMs compounds that the studies showed they have the potential of increasing the rate of kidney, liver adverse effects and are carcinogen compounds. Objective: Survey the THMs concentration in lahijan drinking water and relation between THMs formation with temperature, pH, free residual chlorine and Total Organic Carbon (TOC). Materials and Methods: In this study, five locations in four steps were selected for sampling two points in sangar water treatment plant (SWTP) include: raw water and treated water and three points in lahijan distribution system include: before and after of chlorination unit and in termination of distributed water, where samples collected in winter (9 samples) and summer (7 sample) and then analyzed by the GC set with EC detector. Results: This study show that the THMs concentration in raw water and treated water in SWTP was normal and THMs concentration in treated water was less than raw water that showed effective efficiency of treatment plant units. THMs concentration in before of chlorination unit was normal and in after of this unit and termination of distributed water was more than US.EPA standard. This study showed a positive relation between THMs formation with temperature, pH, free residual chlorine and TOC. Minimum and maximum concentration of THMs compound was seen in treated water of SWTP and in termination of lahijan distributed water, respectively, that show the relation between exposure time and DBPs formation. Conclusion: Regarding to high statistic of digestive cancers in Guilan, epidemiological studies showed effective agents about this cancers including: genetic agents and usage of salty foods. But, high concentration of THMs in total samples in lahijan distributed water could be an effective agent in increase of statistic digestive cancers in lahijan.}, Keywords = {Chlorine, Disinfections, Trihalomethanes, Water}, volume = {17}, Number = {68}, pages = {1-6}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-273-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-273-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Taati, M and Kheradmand, A and Tarahi, M.J}, title = {Effects of Ghrelin on Hematopoietic Wistar Rats}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Ghrelin is a 28-amino Aside peptide that predominantly produced by the stomach, which is the major source of systemic ghrelin. The anorexigenic and orexigenic hormones leptin and Ghrelin acted in opposite of each other. There are limited studies related to levels of leptin in hematopoiesis, and there is no literature pertaining to the effects of ghrelin on hematopoiesis. Objective: Determination the effect of Ghrelin on Hematopoietic Wistar Rats. Materials and Methods: 30 male wistar rats were allocated for this study and were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. To monitor the effects of Ghrelin on blood parameters including hematocrit, albumin, total protein and white blood cells differential count, a general protocol of SC injection of Ghrelin (1 nmol/100µl N/saline) or 100 µl vehicle (physiological saline) to the control group was applied once a day for 10 consecutive days. The animals were killed by decapitation on days 5 and 15 after the last injection and above mentioned parameters were measured after their blood collection. Results: Hematocrit percentage and RBC count significantly increased on day 5 and MCV decreased on this day (p< 0.05). However there was no significant difference in other parameters. Conclusion: It seems that Ghrelin acts directly via bone marrow or indirectly increases ACTH or growth hormone secretion and therefore modulates hematopoiesis.}, Keywords = {Ghrelin, Hematopoesis, Rats- Laboratory}, volume = {17}, Number = {68}, pages = {7-13}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-274-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-274-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Jafroodi, M and Ghandi, Y}, title = {Epidemiologic Evaluation of Pediatric Malignancies in 17 Shahrivar Hospital}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Although cancers occur rarely in children, they considered as the second cause of death in children under 14 years old. Cancers in children differ markedly from those in adults according their nature, distribution, and prognosis. Acute Lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphoma account about 40%, central nervous system tumors consist of 30% and embryonal malignancies and sarcoma account for about another 10% of all pediatric cancers. Objective: Epidemiologic evaluation of pediatric causes of cancer who referred to 17 Sharivar hospital in Rasht during 2001-2007. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross- sectional study was carried out in 17 Sharivar hospital in Rasht from 2001-2007 .All cases of pediatric cancers were included in this study. All information about the age, sex, type of cancers and residence of patients were collected from their medical records 152 forms were completed and the data were analyzed by SPSS. Results: Among 152 patients with different types of malignancy there were 89 male (58.6%) and 63 female (41.4%). Ratio of male to female was 1.36 in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 0.71 in AML, 4 in non-hokin ulmphoma (NHL) , 0.33 in sarcoma. 1.6 in Wilms Tumor, 2 in Hodgkin disease, 5 in neuroblastoma 0.25 in soft tissue sarcoma and 0.5 in medulloblastoma. The peak incidence of cancer was in the ages between 3 to 4 years. (11.2%) and lowest was in the ages of 14 to 15 years. (0.7%). ALL was the most common cancer 47.6% and Langerhanse histiocytosis was the least common one (0.7%). The prevalence of other malignancies were NHL 9.9%, Wilms Tumor 8.6%, AML 7.9% CNS Tumors5.9%. HD 5.9%. The majority of patients were inhabitance of Rasht (47.4%). Hashtpar 7.2%, Rudsar 5.9% Langrood 5.3% and Fouman 4.6% consisted the next four cities with high rates of pediatric cancers. Amlash and Siahkal had the lowest prevalence of patients (0.7%) Conclusion: In this study pediatric malignancies were more prevalent in males and the other epidemiological characteristics were quite different from the other studies, It need further evaluation.}, Keywords = {Child, Epidemiology, Neoplasms }, volume = {17}, Number = {68}, pages = {14-21}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-275-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-275-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Lebadi, M.K and Hemmati, H and JoAfshani, M.A and ZakeriDana, H and Enshaei, M}, title = {Relative Frequency of Success and Complications of Vascular Access in End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Inability to establish a success vascular access or associated complications are major causes of morbidity and mortality in ESRD patients. Objective: Relative Frequency of Success and Complications of Vascular Access in End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) in Razi Hospital (2007). Materials and Methods: This descriptive-cross sectional study was performed on ESRD patients in Razi Hospital. The data were collected based on interview and physical examination. Because of the probability of failure in access of any patient and need to another access establishment, the access numbers was more than the patients number. Results: Among total of 151 patients 59.6% of patients was man and 40.4% was woman. The mean age of patients was 54.22± 14.39 years. Success rate of dialysis was 86.1%. 82.9% of vascular access was used less than 2 months of creation (mean=31-60 days). 32 cases of complications (15.6%) were recorded which included: 9 cases of false aneurysm, 9 cases of venous hypertension, 5 cases of infection, 4 cases of steal syndrome, 3 cases of true aneurysm and 2 cases of thrombosis. The most number of complications were happened in antecobital AVF. Conclusion: Success rate of dialysis in this study is like that other studies. Because of patients don't refer in proper time use of vascular access was performed in less than 2 months of creation. It can increase complications and decrease patency rate of vascular access. On the other hand, to decrease the cost, usage of graft is less than native AVF, it could be reason of increased presence of complications in native AVF.}, Keywords = {Arteriovenous Fistula , Blood Vessels,Catheterization, Postoperative Complications, Renal }, volume = {17}, Number = {68}, pages = {22-26}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-276-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-276-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Sharami, S.H and Zahiri, Z and MirBolook, F and Faraji, R and Sobhani, A.R}, title = {Prenatal Outcomes in High Risk Pregnancies According to Biophysical Profile without Non-stress Test}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: The biophysical profile is one of the best methods of assessment of fetal well-being and prediction of adverse prenatal outcomes. Non stress test is a part of biophysical profile which had a high rate of false positive and decreased the score of biophysical profile that resulted to increase cesarean rate due to early intervention for termination of pregnancy. Objective: Prenatal outcomes in high risk pregnancies with abnormal biophysical profile score without Non-stress test. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed on 1000 women with high risk pregnancy who was admitted in Alzahra hospital for delivery. Information about variables were found according the contents of their files such as maternal age, gestational age, parity, cesarean rate, 1 and 5 minutes Apgar score <7, fetal heart abnormalities rate, meconium passage, low birth weight, fetal and neonatal death, and preterm labour. The score of biophysical profile 6-8 was considered normal and score <6 were considered abnormal. Data were analyzed by SPSS 11.5 and chi-square and Fisher Exact Test. P<0.05 was considered significant. Results: 1000 pregnant women with high risk pregnancy were evaluated in this study. 24.9% of them had biophysical profile score less than 6 which had considered abnormal. The comparison of the two groups showed that the rate of cesarean section, 1 and 5 min Apgar score <7, fetal heart abnormalities rate, preterm delivery, and neonatal mortality rate were higher than in abnormal group (P<0.001), But there weren't statistical significant differences between low birth weight, meconium passage, and fetal death in two groups. Conclusion: The biophysical profile without non stress test can be predicted poor prenatal outcomes in high risk pregnancies.}, Keywords = {Biophysical profile, High risk pregnancy, Prenatal outcomes}, volume = {17}, Number = {68}, pages = {27-33}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-277-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-277-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Sahebzamani, M and Mehrabiyan, F and Asgharzadeh, A.R}, title = {Determine the Satisfaction Level of Services which are given to Elderly in Rasht Disabled and Elderly Residential}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Oldness is an inevitable phase in the end of every human’s life, so knowing the process of oldness and special problems of it and designing curative and supportive services for it is a necessity for medical principles of the every society. Objective: Determine satisfaction of services which are given to elderly in Rasht disabled and elderly residential in 2008. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive census study. Date was collected from questionnaire and interview of 100 person population of RDER who had more than 55 years old and hadn’t dementia or psychological and mental disorders according to their medical files. The study was a survey (without sampling) and the data collection was done by a researcher- made questionnaire. The disabilities were measured by LTC disability categories and answers which are given in interviews. Questionnaire had two parts: The first part collected demographic data, the second part related to physical mental social and physical Environment. Following likert, every question had five answers as satisfied: completely (4), satisfied (3), unsatisfied (2), unsatisfied completely (1) and no opinion (0). Satisfaction level was classified as weak (0-33), moderate (34-66) and high (67-100). Data analysis was done by Man Whitney, croscal wallis and spearman and tocki indices and one way variance analysis using SPSS 14. Results: Level of satisfaction from physical cares was 58%, from psychological cares was 66.29%, from social cares was 59.39% and from physical environment was 71.1%. There was a statistically significant relation between satisfaction from physical services with the marital status, Income average level and inabilities in ADLs Relation between mental satisfaction and previous residential place, relation between social satisfaction from physical environment and gender were significant. Conclusions: The overall level of satisfaction from services which are given in RDER was in middle range (62.07%). Therefore manageria and exe cutive officials of RDER Should modify their plan of care giving for preparation of more equipment and educated care givers (Especially psychologists), special services for religious and spiritual rituals, sports and enterdainment. This modification should cover abilities and desires of olds and make opportunity for visiting friends and family beside routine programs.}, Keywords = {Aging , Elderly care, Level of satisfaction }, volume = {17}, Number = {68}, pages = {34-41}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-278-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-278-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Khalaj, M and Sarokhani., M.R and Mahyar, A and JahanHashemi, H and Godsi, F}, title = {Assessing the Refractive Errors in Beta-Thalassemia Major Patients}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Beta-thalassemia major caused abnormalities of the eyes because of skeleton deformities, especially in the skull and long-term desferrioxamine (DFD) treatment. Objective: Assessing the refractive errors in Beta-thalassemia major patients Materials and Methods: A total of 71 thalassemia patients who referred to Qoads hospital of Qazvin, were included in this study. Thirty-seven patients (52%) were female and thirty-four patients (48%) were male seventy one persons who were referred to same Hospital for opthal examinations were randomly selected as control group. All the patients (sample and control) after filling the questionnaires underwent an ophthalmologic and optometric examination by the same optometrist. Ultimately, the data were analyzed by using Spss. Result: The mean age of patients was 16±50, 37 patients were females and 34 patients were male. Among 71 patients 142 eyes 48 cases, 96 eyes (68%) were hyperopia and 18 cases (25%) were myopia. Whereas, from 142 aged-match control group, 64 persons (90%) were myopia and 4 persons (5/6%) were hyperopias. The mean of Right and Left Axial length in thalassemia patients showed 22.52±0.34 and 22.57±0.38 and for control group showed 23.12±0.7 and 23.13±0.64. There was significant difference between two groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: The occurrence of refractive error (hyperopia) in thalassemia major patients is affected by either orbital deformity or toxicity of desferrioxamine treatment and should be taken into consideration. This study showed involvement of the Beta-thalassemia major in visual system especially in hyperopia}, Keywords = {Beta-thalassemi , Hyperopia, Myopia, Refractive Errors}, volume = {17}, Number = {68}, pages = {42-49}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-279-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-279-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Olfati, F and KazemiJaliseh, H and Farhad, M}, title = {Survey the Relationship between BMI and Cyclic Mastalgia}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Cyclic mastalgia is a common cause of anxiety among women that leads to a health care centers. Because of some characters, it is important to advice correct cure. Objective: Evaluation of correlation between BMI and cyclic mastalgia in 20 years old to premenopausal women. Materials and Methods: This was a case- control study that has been done on 102 women in Navab clinic of Qazvin. They were divided into two groups of 51 members: case group with cyclic mastalgia and control group with normal women. Duration and intensity of pain was evaluated by visual analog scale (VAS) and breast pain chart. BMI (Body Mass Index) was determined in two groups and then they were compared. Data was analyzed by T test and chi square. Results: Mean age of two groups were 31/2 and 31/5, that there was no statistically significant difference. Range of BMI in case group was 21-36 and in control group was 20-30 .Mean of BMI in case group was 28.81 +3.22 and in control group was 25.14+ 2.19. That showed significant statistically difference, (p= 0.000). Conclusion: This study showed that BMI of control group without mastalgia was in normal range. BMI of case group with mastalgia was in abnormal range and significantly was higher than control group.}, Keywords = {BMI, Breast Pain, Cyclic Mastalgia }, volume = {17}, Number = {68}, pages = {50-56}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-280-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-280-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {PourReza, F and MokhtariGh, GH.R and Falahatkar, S and Roshani, A and HoseiniSharifi, S.H and Emadi, S.A and Akbarpour, M and Rabiei, P}, title = {Survey the Addition of Sildenafil to Alpha- Blockers in the Management of Acute Urinary Retention Related To Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Acute Urinary Retention (AUR) related to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an increasingly prevalent condition in men, and the presenting feature in about 25% of men undergoing prostatectomy. Objective: Eevaluate the efficacy of sildenafil for treating patients with AUR due to BPH. Materials and Methods: This is a clinical trial, randomized, double blind study. Eighty patients with AUR related to BPH randomly assigned to receive either 0.4mg tamsulosine hydrochloride and 25mg sildenafil citrate or 0.4mg tamsulosine hydrochloride and placebo. After 48hours, the catheter was removed and ability to void in each group was assessed. Data were analyzed by SPSS 10 and K 2 , T test, P<0.05 was considered significant. Results: Differences in age, prostate size and residue was not significant between two groups (p=0.791, p=0.587, p=0.364 respectively). After catheter removal 22 patients (55%) in placebo group and 32 patients (80%) in sildenafil group voided successfully (p=0.017). After 1week 19 men (47.5%) taking placebo and 28men (70%) taking sildenafil could void yet (p=0.041).The difference between two groups was statiscaly significant (p=0.041). Conclusion: Addition of sildenafil citrate to alpha-blockers is effective in successful voiding after catheter removal for AUR related to BPH. Sildenafil may be recommended for reducing the re-catheterization rate.}, Keywords = { Prostatic Hyperplasia, Sildenafil, Urinary Retention }, volume = {17}, Number = {68}, pages = {57-62}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-281-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-281-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Falahatkar, S and Panahandeh, Z and Surati, A and Akbarpour, M}, title = {Comparison of the Complication of PNL with Open Surgery in Patients with Renal Staghorn Stones}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Open surgery is the gold standard of treating the saghorn calculus which all other forms of treatment are compared with it. New endourological techniques leads to treating staghorn calculus with more effective and less invasive methods. Objective: Compare the complication of PNL (percutaneous nephrolithotomy) versus open surgery in staghorn stones. Materials and Methods: In this study 120 patients with staghorn stones who admitted in Razi hospital during September 2005 to September 2007 were considered. The requested information was extracted such as age, sex, treatment method, intraoperative and postoperative complications (including Obstructive uropathy, Massive hematuria, and Wound infection) and hospital stay. The results and complications were compared in patients who underwent PCNL with open surgery and were compared and data were analyzed by T-test and chi- square. Results: We studied 72 patients (60%) underwent PNL and 48 patients (40%) underwent open surgery. We recorded intraoperative complication in 18.8% and 13.9% in PNL and open surgery respectively. The most common intraoperative complication was bleeding requiring blood transfusion. We recorded postoperative complication in 12.5% and 4.2%of patients in PNL and open surgery repectively. Mean hospital stay was 3.93±1.76 and 5.08±2.42 day in PNL and open surgery respectively. Stone free rate was 81.9% and 91.6% of patients who underwent PNL of patients and open surgery respectively. Conclusion: PNL is a valuable treatment option for staghorn stones with complication and stone free rate approaching that of open surgery. Moreover, it has advantages such as shorter hospital stay that because it is the first stage in treatment of most patients with staghorn stones.}, Keywords = {Hydronephresis, Kidney Calculi, Nephrostomy- Per-cutaneous, Postperative Complication}, volume = {17}, Number = {68}, pages = {63-68}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-282-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-282-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Bagheri, A and Behboodi, H and Hassani, H.R}, title = {Multilobe Orbital Covernous Hemangioma}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Covernous Hemangioma is the most common vascular orbital tumor which appears gradually progressive with axial proptosis without any pain and inflammation. This tumor sometimes appears bilateral but very seldom multilobes in one orbit or in the bone. Case History: In this report we in traduced a 37 years old woman who has complained from progressive axial proptosis in her left eye for 2 years. In the MRI examination 3 separated lobes with hyper dense was observed intraconal area which three lobes of tumor were extracted by surgery through lateral orbitotomy. In the pathologic report of tumor cavernous hemangioma was confirmed. Conclusion: Orbital cavernous hemangioma sometimes appears bilaterally and very seldom multilobes in one orbit, which the last case was very rare. Thus it’s recommended to pay complete attention during operation in order to remove the tumor entirely to prevent its recurrence.}, Keywords = {Hemangioma- Cavernous,Orbit, Proptosis}, volume = {17}, Number = {68}, pages = {69-74}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-283-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-283-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {YousefzadehChabok, SH and Dalili, A and Ebrahimi, SH and Safai, M and Enshaei, M}, title = {A Case Report of C1 Ventral Root Schwannoma Manifesting as Foramen Magnum Syndrome}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Schwannoma is a nerve sheath tumor originates from Schwann cells, with slow growth and usually benign. Spinal schwannomas almost arises from dorsal (sensory) root. C1 ventral root schwannomas which limited to the anterior part of medullospinal junction is extremely rare. These tumors may extend to foramen magnum and manifest as foramen magnum syndrome. Case History: This report is presented a 60-years old female with cervical and occipital pain, spastic quadriparesis and dissociative sensory loss. Cervical MRI demonstrated an extramedullary intradural tumor in anterior part of foramen magnum.C1-2 Posterior midline suboccipital laminectomy with spinal cord decompression was performed. After surgery, her symptoms improved. Histopathological evaluation revealed schwannoma. Symptoms of foramen magnum syndrome are various and Conclusion: Nonspecific, so diagnosis requires a high suspicious in early stages, when tumor resection may lead to significant improvement of the patients.}, Keywords = {Schwannoma, Ventral Root , Foramen Magnum, Suboccipital Craniectomy}, volume = {17}, Number = {68}, pages = {75-79}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-284-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-284-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {17}, Number = {68}, pages = {80-91}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-285-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-285-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Darjani, A and Ghanbari, A and SayadiNejhad, A and Golchay, J and SadrEshkevari, SH and Alizadeh, N and Headarzadeh, A}, title = {Comparison the Health –Related Quality of Life of Patients Suffering From Pemphigus with Healthy People}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Pemphigus is a chronic autoimmune bullous dermatosis that predominantly was affected middle aged peoples. It requires serious therapeutic management and often repeated hospitalizations. However, little formally investigation has been performed concerning Heath-Related Quality of Life (HRQL) of patients who were affected by this disorder. Objective: Determining and comparing the Health-Related Quality of Life in patients suffering from pemphigus with healthy people. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study 76 patients who confirmed pemphigus disease and 86 their healthy accompaniers were assessed. Two sample groups were paired according to sex and age.This study was performed in Razi hospital’s dermatological clinic in Rasht. A questionnaire composed of Persian translations of SF-36 and Sweden QoL (Quality of Life) were used for measuring of HRQL after determining of its validity and reliability. Data were collected and analyzed by using descriptive (distribution, mean ± SD) and inferential (t-test, chi-square, fisher exact test, ANOVA and Multivariant Regression Analysis). Results: In the pemphigus group there was a significant decrease of mean scores of all HRQL dimentions (p<0.0001). (Mean ± SD of patient's group was 69.38 ± 11.81 in Comparision to 85.43 ± 6.64 of healthy people). The factors influencing this impact were: job (P<0.01), older age group (P<0.04), prolonged disease(P<0.008), type of treatment (steroid+ adjuvant) (P<0.001),lack of university educations (P<0.005) and repeated hospitalizations (P<0.001).Multivariate regression analysis indicated that level of education(p<0.002), repeated hospitalization (p<0.001) and type of treatment (steroid+adjuvant) (p<0.001) have significant effects on quality of life in pemphigus patients. Conclusion: This study confirmed that pemphigus is responsible for great alteration in HRQL. Therefore, in management of this disease must be taken its impacts on various fields of life of the patients. Undoubtedly, every effort to warn health and economic managers would play a significant role in resolving of problems of these patients.}, Keywords = {Pemphigus, Quality of life}, volume = {17}, Number = {67}, pages = {1-9}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-286-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-286-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Sadeghi, SH and Abolghasemi, M}, title = {Ex Vivo Evaluation of the Accuracy of the Raypex5 Electronic Apex Locator to Detect Root Perforation}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction:Root perforation diagnosis and immediate treatment of the lesion, can improve the prognosis of the treatment. Because of the limitations of radiographic method for determining proper location of the perforation, today using electronic apex locator devices was recommended for root perforation detection. Objective: Evaluate the accuracy of the Raypex5 apex locator for detecting root perforation and compare it with radiographic method. Materials and Methods:Twenty extracted anterior central teeth with apical foramen diameter equal to file 30 or 35 were selected. The roots were perforated using a 1/2 round bur at 1/3 middel of the root. Then, actual electronic and radiographic distance to perforation were measured. Data were analyzed using ANOVA with repeated measurements. Results:Raypex5 apex locator could detect root perforations in 55% of the cases. In these cases, no significant difference was observed between the mean electronic and actual length of the perfortion(p=0.29). There was no significant difference between the mean radiographic and actual length of the perfortion(p=0.444). There was no significant difference between the mean radiographic and electronic length. (p=0.819). Conclusion: Raypex5 could detect root perforation in only 55% of the cases.In these cases, electronic length had no significant difference with actual and radiographic length.}, Keywords = {Endodontics- Nickel- Radiography- Dental, Stainless-Steel, Titanium, Tooth Apex}, volume = {17}, Number = {67}, pages = {10-15}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-287-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-287-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Sadeghi, M and Golshadi, I and Roohafza, H.R and Aghdak, P}, title = {Evaluation the Relation between Coronary Risk Factors, Metabolic Syndrome and 10 Year Ischemic Event According to BMI in Women above 19 Years in Central Part of IRAN}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common etiology of mortality in women. Some risk factors other than obesity involved in it. Objective: Evaluation the relation between obesity, metabolic syndrome and 10 -year’s cardiac event according to BMI in women above 19 years old in central part of IRAN. Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional study, 6054 women over 19 years old in Isfahan, Najaf - Abad and Arak were studied by stratified sampling (in 2001). Demographic details, such as: weight, height, blood pressure and smoking status were considered. Then blood chemistry was done in same manner in three regions and all biochemistry data were collected in a central laboratory. Data was entered in SPSS-11 and analyzed by T-Student and the prevalence was studied. Results: The mean age of women was 38.7514.55 years. By increasing the Body Mass Index (BMI), disorder in blood sugar, lipids, waist circumference and blood pressure were increased (p0.05) besides, by increasing the Body Mass Index (BMI) metabolic syndrome, 10 years cardiac event were more prevalent in obese women(P<0.05). Conclusion: By regarding to attention to correlation between obesity with other cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome, body weight control is necessary in studied women to decrease cardiovascular risk factors.}, Keywords = {Body Mass Index, Coronary Arteriosclerosis, Obesity, Risk Factor, Women }, volume = {17}, Number = {67}, pages = {16-23}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-288-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-288-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {MohtashamAmiri, Z and RahimiKalamroudi, H and Davoudi, A}, title = {Unit Analysis of Health Care Centers in Urban and Rural Area of Guilan}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Cost analysis of different programs of health care centers is a very important tool for future managing and determining the real cost of health facilities and budget which needed. Objective: Determine the expenses of health care centers of Guilan province in 2002. Materials and Methods: In a descriptive study, 20 urban and 19 rural health care centers were selected through random sampling. Costs were classified to capital costs (values of buildings, vehicles, 0unusable materials and equipments) and recurrent costs (costs of buildings’ repairs, usable materials, drugs, vaccines, personnel’s salaries). A checklist was used for data collecting and analysis was done with SPSS version 11.5 software. Results: Mean total costs of urban health care centers, consisted of capital costs and recurrent costs were 514 million Rials with standard deviation of 242 million Rials. These costs were amount 262 ± 79 million Rials in rural health care centers. The most common type of costs was personnel’s salaries (60%) and then buildings’ values (15%-20%). Recurrent costs of urban and rural health care centers were 386 and 214 million Rials, respectively. Conclusion: Governmental budgets aren’t enough for health care centers that might have a great impact on their qualities. Pay more attention to human resources managing and concession facilities to private sections could be helpful to control of these costs. Similar studies are recommended in other areas}, Keywords = {Cost Benefit Analysis, Cost Effectiveness, Health Facilities}, volume = {17}, Number = {67}, pages = {24-32}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-289-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-289-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Mokhtari, GH and Noshad, A.R and Jamali, M and Sobhani, A.R}, title = {Comparison the Prevalence of Varicocele in First Degree Relatives of Patients and Kidney Donation Volunteers}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Varicocele is an abnormal tortuosity and dilatation of the testicular veins within the spermatic cord. Varicocele is approximately found in 15% of the general population, despite of the high relatively prevalence of varicocele in the general population, and its association with impaired spermatogenesis and steroid genesis, the paucity available of information and majority of studies were centralized on pathophysiology, methods and results of Varicocele reparation. Regarding to the potential inheritance pattern, we desided to perform this study. Objective: Evaluate the hereditary behavior of varicocele through comparison of prevalence of disease in first-degree relatives of patients with known varicocele and normal healthy kidney donation volunteers. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study Sixty-two patients with known varicocele who were admitted for surgery in Razi hospital between September 2005 and October 2006 were enrolled in the study. Their healthy available first –degree relatives (N=88) were asked to refer and examin. A group of 100 men who were refered for voluntary kidney donation were selected as control group and were assessed for varicocele. Results: Among the 88 first –degree relatives of patients with a known varicocele, 40 cases (45.4%) and 11 cases (11%) of 100 men in control group had a clinically palpable varicocele on physical examination. There was a statistically different. Between two groups among the first-degree relatives, 32 cases (55.1%) of 58 brothers, 8 cases (26.6%) of 30 fathers had palpable varicocele. Conclusion: Clinical varicoceles are more prevalent among first-degree relatives (particularly brothers) of patients with known varicoceles and may be an indicator of hereditary behavior of the disease and necessity of screening for male family members.}, Keywords = {Heredity,Infertility, Varicocele}, volume = {17}, Number = {67}, pages = {33-37}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-291-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-291-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Asefzadeh, M and Bijani, B and Kalantari, Z}, title = {Determine the Prevalence of Tuberculose Infection in Diabetic Patients in Qazvin}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: In Different Studies, diabetes is one of the most important Causes of reactivation of latent tuberculosis. Objective: Determine the prevalence of tuberculosis infection in diabetic patients in Qazvin. Materials and Methods: This study was performed as per census in the clinic of diabetes of Boo Ali educational hospital from Mar 2004 to Feb2006. PPD test was asseced all patients and if the irresult was Negative, allergy skin test was used with diluted Tetanous-Diphteria Toxoid antigen, for evaluation of CMI (cell-Mediated Immunity). If the result was positive and there was no clinical and radiographic abnormality, patients were reffered for chemoprophylaxis. In patients with clinical or radiographic signs of tuberculosis was performed sputom smear and active cases, and then were reffered for treatment. Results: PPD test was performed for 571 diabetic patients. The Results was: 415(72.2%) 0 to 5mm, 88 (15/5%) 5- 10mm, 47(83%) 10-15mm and 43 (4%) >15mm .Alergy rate calculated as 27, 6 %. Four smear positive polmunary tuberculosis cases were detected (active case finding). In all detected cases were seen abnormal findings in apical regions and in 3 out of 4 cases cavitary were seen in radiologyic report. Conclusion: In this study 12.3 % of patients had more than 10mm induration in PPD skin test. Rate of alergy was comparable in diabetic patients to general population. Detection of 4 active cases of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis implicates the high prevalence of tuberculosis in diabetic patients in comparison with general papulation.}, Keywords = {Diabetes Mellitus, Prevalence, Tubercualosis}, volume = {17}, Number = {67}, pages = {38-47}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-292-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-292-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Yazdizadeh, M and Heydarzadeh, A and Rezai, R}, title = {Frequency of Related Factors of Oral Cancer in Guilan Province}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Oral cancer is one of the main hygienic problems in many countries of the world. Its prevalence in various places of the world is different and like any other disease for better understanding is necessary to understand about this diseases distribution in different parts of Iran Objective: Determine the frequency of related factors of oral cancer in Patients who suffered from oral cancer in Guilan province in years 1996-2004. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study we were collected oral cancer information from cancer registry center of Guilan and oral and maxillofacial surgery offices. Results: Among total samples were found 306 cases of oral Cancer which 186 patients (60.8%) were male and 120 patients (39.2%) were female. Rate of males to females were 1.55 to 1 and mean age of patients were (57.7 15.65years). The most age incidence of suffering mouth cancer was in the 7th decades of life. In pathology, the squamus cell carcinoma with 205 cases (67%) was the most common malignant one. The second rank belonged to lymphoma with 27 cases (8.8%). Adenocarcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma, with 12 cases (3.9%) were in third place of incidence. Tongue with 53 cases (17.3%), lower lip with 35 cases (11.4%) and finally tonsil with 29 cases (9.48%), were in 1st, 2nd and 3rd rank in incidence of malignant part of body. Conclusion: Most of the findings in this study were similar to previous studies. We need more accurate statistics to recognize the risk factors of suffering mouth cancer in various regions of country, which required integrated system of cancer registering.}, Keywords = {Diseases outbreaks, Mouth , Mouth Neoplasms}, volume = {17}, Number = {67}, pages = {48-54}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-293-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-293-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Najafi, K and Amiralavi, S and Zarrabi, H and Mohammadzadeh, A and ElahehSadatKhodaei, E and Salajegheh, A}, title = {Survey the Prevalence of Recurrence in Ultra Rapid Opiate Detoxification in Opiate and Heroin Dependents}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: A wide variety of rehabilitation procedures can be applied in opiate dependents. Ultra Rapid Opiate Detoxification (UROD) is one of them resulted in ich influenced in detoxification in few hours however, the efficacy and safety of this procedure are questionable. Objective: Survey the Prevalence of Recurrence in Ultra Rapid Opiate Detoxification in Opiate and Heroin Dependents Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, ninety opiate addicts who referred to Shafa Hospital were selected to undergo UROD. First, they were interviewed by principal investigators using ASI questionnaire. Urinary opium screen test was performed a week before detoxification and immediately after it. Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS) and Objective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (OOWS) were applied before detoxification and 1, 6, 24 hours after that to assess withdrawal symptoms and signs. 6-month relapse was evaluated by urine screening test. Data was analyzed by SPSS statistical software. Results: 13 cases of 90 subjects failed to be followed. Among 77 remaining patients, 60(78%) relapsed in one-year. 50% relapsed in the first 3 months, 18% between 3 to 6 months, 6% between 6 months to one year and 3% after one year. Between subjective symptoms shaking, nausea and cramps in stomach and in objective signs vomiting and abdominal cramps were significantly different before and after detoxification. Prevalence of subjective and objective withdrawal symptoms and sings was significantly higher after detoxification. Conclusion: In detoxified Patients who under went UROD, didn’t find any considerable side effects due to anesthesia, organ function and severe psychiatric problems were not found. Of course, all of the subjects did not have any physical problem before UROD. UROD was effective to control some of the symptoms and signs of withdrawal syndrome while it did not show efficacy in controlling some others. The relative frequency of relapse rate in detoxified patients by UROD was 78% which was notably high.}, Keywords = {Heroin Dependence, Opioid- Related Disorders, Recurrence}, volume = {17}, Number = {67}, pages = {55-64}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-294-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-294-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Asefzadeh, S and Asefzadeh, SH and Hashemi, F and Mashatan, M}, title = {Evaluation of Medical Residency Theses in Qazvin}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Theses are the most important sources of academic research and correct writing of them has important role in progressive of Educational and research Aims. Objective: Evaluate medical residency theses in Qazvin medical faculty with respect to writing and content. Materials and Methods: A total of 59 theses were submitted to study. A checklist consisting of 3 different parts structural, content and general characterized was completed for each case. Parameters related to structure and content were analyzed separately. Results: The field of the study most of theses (35.6%) was anesthesiology. Most of theses (55.9%) were designed and experimental studies. The overall writing of theses consisted of: 1.7% as weak, 74.5% as average and 23.5% as good. The weakest parts in theses were introduction, findings, conclusion and recommendations. Only 28.8% of the theses were published in journals. Conclusion: The overall most of medical residency theses, were on average level about writing and had very problems in various sections. Then, it is necessary to use some ways such as research workshops and Designing correct writing frame for promotion of quality of writing.}, Keywords = {Dissertaions Academic, Research, Writing }, volume = {17}, Number = {67}, pages = {65-72}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-295-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-295-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Asgharnia, M and Esmailpoor, N}, title = {Comparison the Women\'s Quality Life Before and after Hysterectomy}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Gynecologic disorders are the most common health problems among women. If drug treatments lead to fail, hysterectomy was considered. Objective: Determine and compare the women's quality of life before and three months after hysterectomies. Materials and Methods: According to chronic disorders (diabetes mellitus, cardio-vascular diseases) fifty five women were selected. Subjects were selected upon a pilot study and by consecutive non-probability sampling. Data were collected by a predetermined questioner and processed and analyzed with SPSS. Chi- square and t test were used for analyzing accordingly. Results: There was statistically different between mean scores of general health quality before and after hysterectomies (P<0/0001) but its depression component had no different. General disorders and clinical symptoms were different with different statistically degrees. (p=0.0005 for urinary incontinence to p=0.023 for urinary urgency).Pelvic pain (p=0.056) and vertigo (p=0.21) showed no statistical differences. Conclusions: After hysterectomy total health quality scores statistically improved but anxiety score showed less, and depression score showed no statistical difference. In order to more generalizing findings, recommended carrying out a larger study with benign and malign disorders separately.}, Keywords = {Hysterectomy, Quality of life, Women Health}, volume = {17}, Number = {67}, pages = {73-79}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-296-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-296-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Kasraian, L}, title = {Survey the Rate of Blood Donors loss Due to Unconfirmed Elisa Test in Blood Transfusion Organization in Fars Provience}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Blood donors which their Elisa test were positive and their result were not confirmed, caused problem for blood banks, Units were discarded and donors were permanently deferred. Objective: Determine the prevalence and demographic characteristic of blood donors with false positive results in Shiraz blood transfusion organization. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective, cross-sectional study that was done all blood donors who give blood in shiraz BTO from 1/1/2005 till 1/1/2007 then the rate of prevalence and demographic states of blood donors with false positive results in HBS, HCV, HIV was determined. Chi-square and T test was used for data analysis. Results: The prevalence of false positive result in blood donors was %2/17 that %80.4 of false positive results was due to hepatitis C, %5/2 due to hepatitis B , %14/2 due to HIV. The prevalent rate of false positive results was more in young , female , first time and low educational blood donors ( P < 0/05 ) Conclusion: Overall, false positive results caused to loss of 6135 Blood unit and permanent deferral of 5987 blood donors. Most of false positive results distributes in blood donor population. However this result was more in some blood donors with some demographic status, its better to use specific screening test for permanent the risk of blood donors.}, Keywords = {Blood Donors, Blood Transfusion, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay}, volume = {17}, Number = {67}, pages = {80-87}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-297-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-297-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Nasiripour, A.A and Mehrabian, F and Taghizadeh, H}, title = {Relationship between Justice and Effectiveness in Hospitals of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Justice is the base of consistence in every social system and it provides balance for these systems considering justice control the predictability of organizational behavior. Regarding to the impact of this section customer's satisfaction has the most importance in the Health care organizations. Objective: Definition the relationship between justice and effectiveness in the educational hospitals related to '' Shahid behest'' medical science university. Materials and Methods: This is a correlation study that performed at the first six months of 2007. The research samples consisted of: 134 persons of hospital staff and 108 patients that were selected by categorized sampling. In order to gathering the data, two type of questionnaire have been used and for data analyzing regression analysis and Pierson have been used. Results: The mean perception of patients from procedural justice and instructional justice as follow squinty 54/25% and 77/25%. The mean perceptions of staff from distributive justice, procedural justice as follow squinty 32/75% and 30%). (The results described the positive correlations between fair wags and employees consents (r =%46) also fair between distribution and job satisfaction (r =%47). Conclusion: Regarding to significant relation between the equity perception with job satisfaction in staff and patient, close relationships between staff, mutual respect and properly accountability of hospital personal with costumers, setting objective standards and other variables in this study will increase effectiveness in health care organizations.}, Keywords = {Hospitals- University, Patient Satisfaction, Social Justice }, volume = {17}, Number = {67}, pages = {88-93}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-298-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-298-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Faghani, M and Nasiri, E and Bahadori, M.H and MohammadGhasemi, F}, title = {Genetic Predisposing of P53 Codon 72 on Developing of Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women in Isfahan}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women in worldwide. 53P the suppression gene tumor has a principal role in genomic stability and its function is variated by the codon 72 polymorphism. Objective: Investigate the codon 72 polymorphism of P53 and the effect of menopause on the development of invasive breast ductal carcinoma. Materials and Methods: A case–control study was conducted on 96 patients with invasive breast ductal carcinoma and their 96 matched controls in Isfahan. The different genotypes of the codon 72 of P53 gene were identified by using allele-specific polymerase-chain reaction. Breast cancer patients were divided into two groups: postmenopausal and premenopausal. Statistical analysis was performed by using χ2-test. Results: In control group, the distribution of Arg/Arg, Arg/Pro and Pro/Pro genotypes were 36.5%, 45.8% and 17.7% respectively. The distributions of Arg/Arg, Arg/Pro and Pro/Pro in case group were 70.8%, 21.9% and 7.3% respectively. There is significant statistical difference in the distribution of P53 codon 72 polymorphism between case and control groups (P<0.001). In addition, 76% of patients with Arg/Arg genotype were in post-menopause age group (P=0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study indicated that the polymorphism of codon 72 P53 is a genetic predisposing factor for the development of invasive breast ductal carcinoma in the studied sample in Isfahan and most of the patients were in postmenopausal age group.}, Keywords = {Polymorphism, 53P Codon 72, Breast cancer, Menopause}, volume = {17}, Number = {67}, pages = {94-100}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-299-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-299-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Mirblouk, F and Moradi, H and Moradi, Z and Amini, V and Hemmati, H}, title = {A Case Report of Abdominal Pregnancy}, abstract ={Abstract Abdominal pregnancy is a very rare condition of ectopic pregnancy with a high mortality rate for mother and fetus. It occurs when the gestational sac implanted outside the uterus, ovaries and fallopian tubes. Although this condition is potential life-threatening but often misdiagnoses of other variant ectopic pregnancy. Prompt detection in initial stage of pregnancy is necessary to prevention of dangerous complication. This present case-report was a patient who admitted in the Alzahra hospital during two decades. She was a 23-year old nulliparous woman with a history of primary infertility that underwent ovarian hyper stimulation with clomiphen citrate. She underwent transvaginal ultrasonography because of menstrual retardation, positive serum HCG test and spotting. It was diagnosed an incomplete abortion according to clinical symptoms and lack of gestational sac inside the uterus. Transvaginal ultrasonography was performed again for persistency the pregnancy symptoms after 4months. Diagnostic pelvic ultrasonography confirmed a 16-week intra-abdominal pregnancy. The ultrasonographic examination confirmed a 27-week intra-abdominal pregnancy. The woman was admitted immediately. The surgery was performed, without any complications. She recovered well and was discharged soon.}, Keywords = {Laparotomy, Pregnancy-Abdominal, Pregnancy, Ectopic}, volume = {17}, Number = {67}, pages = {101-106}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-300-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-300-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Survey The Laparoscopic, Biochemical and Clinical Findings in Patients with Exudative Ascites of Unknown Origin}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: The etiology of exudative ascites cannot always be diagnosed accurately. Laparoscopy could be used as an appropriate diagnostic modality in these cases. Objective: Evaluate the laparoscopic, biochemical and clinical findings in patients with exudative ascites of unknown etiology. Materials and Methods: In a case-series study, we studied the data of 67 patients with exudative ascites of unknown etiology who under went diagnostic laparoscopy in endoscopy ward of Imam Khomeini Hospital from 2002 to 2005. Demographic data complaints clinical, laboratory and laparoscopic findings were evaluated and the accurate etiology of exudative ascites was determined. Man Whitney and Fischer’s exact test were used for statistical analysis. P values less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The most common cause of exudative ascites was carcinomatous peritonitis then tuberculosis and lymphoma. Tuberculosis peritonitis was the most common etiology of exudative ascites in afghan immigrants. Abdominal masses were only palpated in cases of malignancy. Uniform micronodules and fibrous bands were observed in tuberculous peritonitis. Icter was observed in half of the patients with Budd-chiari Syndrome and lymphoma. Hepatomegaly was mostly seen in Budd-chiari Syndrome and neoplasms. Conclusion:Carcinomatous peritonitis, tuberculosis and lymphoma were the most common causes of exudative ascites of unknown etiology.}, Keywords = {Ascites,Exudates and Transudates, Laboratory Techniques and Procedures, Laparoscopy}, volume = {17}, Number = {66}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-318-en.html}, eprint = {}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Saadat, F}, title = {The Effects of Azoles Antifungal Derivatives on Inflammatory Cytokine Production in Human Keratinocyte}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Antifungal drugs have been successfully used in treatment of fungal infections. Recently, immunomodulatory effects of some of these agents have been reported. Base on immune system role in the treatment of various infection, alteration in cytokine pattern would be influenced the immune responsiveness. Objective: Study the expression and secretion of the inflammatory cytokines in human keratinocyte. Materials and Methods: In this invitro study,cultured keratinocytes were treated with different concentrations of Fluconazole, Ketoconazole and Griseofulvin. The level of IL-1 and TNF-α by keratinocytes in cultured supernatant were measured by Quantitative Enzyme Immunoassay technique and their expression were evaluated by using real time PCR. Data was analysed with one way ANOVA test(Varyance). Results: Treatment of keratinocytes with different concentrations of Fluconazole (3.3,10,30 µ/ml) and low concentration of ketoconazole caused to decrease of IL-1 secretion (P<0.001), but Griseofulvin did not show this effect at the same concentrations. In addition, the examined drugs had no effect on TNF-α secretion. Quantitative analysis of IL-1 encoding genes revealed that transcription on these genes might be suppressed following treatment with Fluconazole or ketoconazole. Conclusion: Antifungal azoles might be modulated cytokines expression and secretion as well as affect the direction of immune response induced by keratinocytes.}, Keywords = {Antifungal Agents,Cytokines, Inflammation}, volume = {17}, Number = {66}, pages = {1-7}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-302-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-302-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Shakiba, M and Jokar, F and Ramezani, M}, title = {Determine the Attitude about Community Based Participatory Research in People Residing in Ali Abad}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Participatory research as performing research by involving all people, need to public participation, so determining the attitude of people toward this topic is important. Objective: Determine the attitude about Community Based Participatory Research in People Residing in Ali Abad. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross sectional study was performed on 178 people residing in Aliabad with a convenient sampling method. A structured questionnaire comprised of attitude statement and demographic characteristics was used for data collection and completed self administered by participants. The validity of attitude statements was determined by faculty members and reliability was measured by Cronbach's alpha greater than 0.7. T-test was applied for data analysis using SPSS program. Results: The mean attitude score was 45.56 (95% CI: 44.74-46.38). Furthermore the mean attitude in empowering category with 20 maximum score was 10.77 (95% CI: 10.77-11.48), removing community problem with 15 maximum score was 9.11 (95% CI 8.84-9.38), community participation with 25 maximum score was 16.12 (95% CI 15.74-14.49) and community confidence with 15 maximum score was 9.0(8.64-9.37). Participant attitude toward community based participatory research was statistical significantly associated with respondents membership in population research center (P<0.05). Conclusion: The most important factor in successfully administrating community base programs is the community participation. The findings of this study indicate the importance of community based participatory research for community.}, Keywords = {Attitude, Community,Research}, volume = {17}, Number = {66}, pages = {8-14}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-303-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-303-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Salem, k and KarimiSadr, m}, title = {Survey the Prevalence of Dental Ankylosis in Primary Schools Children(2006)}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Dental ankylosis is one of the local factors that can influence tooth eruption. It always was observed in primary molars. Dental ankylosis might be leads to delay of eruption of successors tooth, ectopic eruption, arch length deficiency and peril the periodontal health of successors and neighboring permanent teeth. Timely diagnosis is imperative in prevention and control of occlusal disturbances. Objective: Investigate the prevalence of dental ankylosis in primary schools children in Rasht. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive cross sectional study witch was performed on 1023 children in grade two and three. Exist of 1mm infraocclusion in compare to intact marginal ridge of neighboring tooth was consider as diagnostic criteria of ankylosis. In case of difficult diagnosis, occlusion of antagonist teeth and immobility were considered. Data was analyzed according to qui-square test. Results: Prevalence of dental ankylosis was 15%. There was no significant difference between two sexes. Ankylosis was significantly more in mandible (p=0.001).The most affected teeth were observed first primary molars and the least involved teeth were upper second primary molars. More than 60% of subjects had more than one Ankylosed tooth. 9 aged children had the highest frequency of Ankylosed molars, but not significant between groups. In 2% of subjects, dental ankylosis was in upper larger than normal upper central incisors were observed. Conclusion: According to high prevalence of dental ankylosis in this population during and the importance stage of alveolar growth and clinician’s knowledge about the problems is necessary intervention during routine dental examinations to reduce its complications and treatment costs.}, Keywords = {Abnormalitis, Ankylosis- Dental Veolar, Prevalence, Primary Molar}, volume = {17}, Number = {66}, pages = {15-21}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-304-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-304-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Golchai, J and Rajabzadeh, S and Kiavash, K and Darjani, A and SadrEshkevari, SH and Alizadeh, N}, title = {Reaction to Patch Test in Patients with Clinical Diagnoses of Contact and Atopic Dermatitis}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Contact eczema is a common inflammatory skin disease different materials with irritant and allergic mechanisms can produce this disease. Although history and physical examination are important in diagnosis of allergen, because of extent of several factors, environmental allergens, were not simply recognized. Patch test is an important diagnostic tool to confirm allergic contact dermatitis and can reduce mistake of clinical diagnoses. Objective: Determine frequency of dermatic allergens in patients with contact or atopic dermatitis who were referred to Razi hospital in Rasht. Materials and Methods: In a descriptive cross sectional study during 22 months, 100 patients with clinical diagnoses of contact and atopic dermatitis who referred to Razi hospital patch tested with European standard series containing 24 allergens. Their reactions were evaluated after 24, 48 and 72 hours after application of patch test. Data was collected and were analyzed by SPSS. (P<0.05 was considered significant). Results: Among 100 patients, positive patch test was seen in 36% whic mean age of them was (30.67) years (SD=10.85). The most common involved location was hand (86%) and most common allergens were Nickel sulfate (20%) and potassium dichromate (9%). In this study 6(25%) of all allergens showed positive reaction. Conclusion: Nickel Sulfate and Potassium Dichromate were the most common contact allergens in our study.}, Keywords = {Allergens, Dermatitis Atopic, Dermatitis Contact, Skin Tests}, volume = {17}, Number = {66}, pages = {22-28}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-305-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-305-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Sharami, S.H and Zahiri, Z and Zendedel, M}, title = {Assessment the Client Satisfaction in Prenatal Unit of Rasht Public Hospitals}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: The objective of prenatal care is to reduce the rates of maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity by early diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Satisfaction of the clients is a valuable means for performance assessment of the planners and executive authorities of health and treatment systems can lead to planning for promotion of the ways for providing the care services. Objective: Determine the satisfaction rate of prenatal care in two public hospitals in Rasht. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross- sectional study 600 pregnant women who were referred to two public hospitals of Rasht (Alzahra and Rasool-Akram) were selected with simple-randomized sampling. The data collection instrument consisted of two-part questionnaire including demographic variable and criteria of satisfaction. Score were measured according to likert scale. Data were analyzed SPSS 10 software and chi-square t- tests .P<0.05 was determined as statistical significance. Results: The mean age of women was 25.75.4. The majority of them were primipara, low literate, housewife, city-dweller and covered by the insurance .In general, the satisfaction rate among the majority of them was moderate (%62.7) %37 were satisfied and only %0.3 dissatisfied. Satisfaction dimensions were as follows: %49.3 satisfied with the communication method of the care providers, %55.5 with the professional skills, %30.8 with the facilities for easy access to the drug and information, %24 with the welfare facilities, %9.2 with the available equipments, %40.3 with the organization, and %40.5 with the environmental accommodations. Also, in viewpoint of the costs, %23.1 was satisfied and the rest were either satisfied at a moderate level or dissatisfied. In a comparison between these two hospitals, a statistically significant relation was found among the communication manner of the service providers, easy access to the facilities, welfare facilities, devices and costs (p<0.05). Conclusion: According to the results, the satisfaction rate among the majority of the clients with the prenatal services was moderate. By comparison between two hospitals, it appears that the Rasoole Akram hospital is in relatively better condition in meeting the satisfaction of the clients compared to Alzahra hospital. With regrinding to the existing weaknesses, could be designed appropriate planning for improving the satisfaction rate in prenatal services.}, Keywords = {Hospitals-Public, Patient Satisfaction, Prenatal Care }, volume = {17}, Number = {66}, pages = {29-37}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-306-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-306-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Safaei, M and DehnadiMoghadam, A and Yousefzade, SH and Kamali, GH}, title = {Spinal Fractures in Admitted Patients in Poursina Hospital}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction:Trauma is ranked four as being a lethal disease. Spinal trauma and the spinal cord injuries arising from the trauma are the cause of 3%death rate. Concomitant spinal cord injuries may lead to neurological deficit and socio-economic problems. Objective: Determining the relative frequency of spinal cord fractures, types and some related factors as recorded in the emergency ward of Poursina hospital in Rasht from 2001 to 2003. Materials and Methods: In a descriptive cross-sectional survey performed on the hospital archive, the patients confined to be suffering from the fracture based on imaging studies from 2001-2003 were included in the study. Exclusion criteria were: mismatch between the report of imaging studies and physician diagnosis, absence of the report in the patients' records and leaving the hospital before making a diagnosis. Variables such as age, sex, trauma mechanism, and place of lesion were extracted and registered in a special form designed for this purpose. Results: After dully studying the bulk of files, 215 in number, 41 cases were omitted from the study. About 71.8% were male. The mean age was 40.75±15.55 and 23% of them were in the age group of 21-30 years. Burst fracture was the most common fracture type. The majority of accidents were due to falling from height(63.3%).The most common fractures occurred in the lumbar area at the l1 level (60%), thoracic area at the level of T12 (64%) and cervical at the level of C7(40%). Conclusion: Regarding to the high frequency of spinal injuries followed by falling, we can decline these injuries by paying attention to safety issues.}, Keywords = {Fracture, Spine,Traumatology}, volume = {17}, Number = {66}, pages = {38-43}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-307-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-307-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Baghi, I and Hemati, H and Salimi, J}, title = {Survey the Patency Rate and Complications of Groin A-V Graft Access}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Construction of vascular access using subcutaneously placed to join an artery to a vien is increasly necessary in patients with poor peripheral veins or previously failed arteriovenous fistulas. Interposition grafts in the lower extremity are used for patients who have no usable vessels available in the upper arms. Experience with groin hemodialysis prosthetic access has been discouraging because of high infection rate and associated limb amputation. Objective: Determine infection rate, patancy rates, and possible prediative factors for prosthetic thigh angioaccess outcomes in our hemodialysis patient’s population. Materials and Methods: In this prospective study 41 patients who were underwent placement of thigh vascular access graft at Sina Hospital ¸Tehran University of Medical Sciences, were selected between Jan 2000 and July 2003. Data were recorded base on demographic and complications variables and analyzed by Kaplan-Meier & long rank tests Results: In this study the primary of thigh prosthetic graft were, 76%, 70%, 67%, and 60% at 3,6,9, and 12 months after placement respectively. There were 14(34%) access failures, related to infection in 2 case (4.8%), thrombosis in 10 cases (24.4%) and psuedoaneurysms in two cases (4.8%). There was no limb ischemia, no significant difference in infection or graft patancy rate which were found by patient age and gender. Conclusion: In this study, infection and thrombosis rate of thigh access was not more than other studies. Thigh vascular access with PTFE could be used for patients who have no usable vessels available in the upper arms.}, Keywords = {Catheters- Indwelling, Grafts, Hemodialysis}, volume = {17}, Number = {66}, pages = {44-49}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-308-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-308-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Ghafari, R and Bajgholi, F and Rezvanifard, M and Danyari, M}, title = {Comparison between Radioactivity of Porcelain Powders and Artificial Teeth with Background Radiation}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: A lot of industrial products and consumer resources have important role in human exposure and receiving yearly radiation dose limit. Radioactive products have been used in denture teeth and Porcelain powders for flourescence properties for long time in dentistry. Because of the most of the people used Porcelain powder and denture, this became an emotion to survey the rate of relative reactivity of powders and inform the laboratory personals. Objective: Determine the relative radioactivity of artificial teeth used in dentures and in porcelain powders. Materials and Methods: In this laboratovary-experimental study six samples of porcelain powders (ceramcoIII opaque,ceramcoIII dentin,ceramcoII opaque,ceramcoII dentin, noritake dentin EX3 and noritake incisal)and two samples of anterior and posterior artificial teeth with polymer base(marjan and shanghy)were used and about 3gr of each sample was placed in front of the scintillator detector NaI(ti)s' window. The number of emission in one houre was measured during each stage.Back ground radiation was measured in several stages.Samples and background radiations ratio were measured by means of paired t test. Data were analyzed by SPSS soft ware. Results: Radioactive properties of different porcelain powders and mentioned denture teeth were significantly lower than back ground radiation. CeramcoIII opaque porcelain powder showed the most radioactive properties and marjan denture teeth showed the least. Conclusion:This study confirmed previous studies about low rate of radioactivity properties of samples relative to back ground radiation and indicated if safety precautionse are observed no problem should rise for dental technicians.}, Keywords = {Dental Porcelain, Radioactivity, Tooth Artificial }, volume = {17}, Number = {66}, pages = {50-59}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-309-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-309-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Zarabi, H and Modabbernia, M.J and Alimi, M.R and Badri, T}, title = {Survey the Relative Frequency of Depressive Disorders in Candidates of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Depression is a common disorder and 1 of 5 women and 10 men are affected by depression during their life time. Depression in candidates of Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery (CABG) may increase the rate of morbidity, re-hospitalization and death and it reduces quality of life after CABG. Objective: Determine the relative frequency of pre-operative depression in candidates of CABG in Heshmat Hospital in Rasht City, Iran. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on a representative sample of 250 candidates of CABG who admitted in Heshmat Hospital (from October 2006 to May 2007). Patients were assessed by Beck Depression Inventory and those who scored more than 16 were interviewed considering DSM IV criteria for depressive disorders. Results: Among 250 patients, 67 cases (26.8%) acquired score more than 16 and 39 cases (15.6%) were depressed in structured clinical interview. Among them 12 cases (31%) were male and 27 cases (69%) were female, this difference was statically (p<0.001). There was a significant relationship between educations and employment situation with depression (p<0.001) respectively. Depression was more in illiterates or primary schools education (p<0.008). Unemployed and housewife women were statistically higher depressed (p<0.001). There was a significant relationship between depression and co-morbid disorders while it was not associated with place of residence, marital status and diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: Regarding to The prevalence of pre-operative depression in candidates of CABG and its relationship with poor medical prognosis in these patients, it should be assessed before operation in order to reduce re-hospitalization and improve patients' quality of life.}, Keywords = {Beck Depression Inventory, Coronary Artery Bypass,Depressive Disorder }, volume = {17}, Number = {66}, pages = {60-65}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-314-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-314-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Firouzian, H and Zaieni, H and Alavi, S.A and AtrkarRoshan, Z and Assali, R}, title = {Lung Involvement in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Regarding to frequency of prevalence of (RA), Pulmonary involvement is a common and serious complication of rheumatoid arthritis this study was performed. Objectives: Determine the prevalence of pulmonary disease in onset of rheumatoid arthritis base on history, physical examination, radiographic and pulmonary function test. Material and Methods: 52 patients (43 women, 9 men) fulfilling the ACR (American college of Rheumatology) criteria for RA (Rheumatoid arthritis) were consecutively assessed in a cross sectional study. Detailed medical (including respiratory symptoms and the disease activity symptoms) and drug and occupational histories were obtained. All patients underwent a complete pulmonary and rheumatologic examination and conventional chest radiography. All patients underwent PFT that comprised spirometry and body plethsmography. Data were analyzed by SPSS software. Results: Their mean age was 45.8± 11.1 years (range: 21-78) and the duration of the disease was less than 6 months. Rheumatoid factor was positive in 76.9%. All patients were nonsmoker. Base on history: cough in 7.7%, dyspnea in 17.3% and wheezing in 1.9% was detected. Physical examination findings showed expiration wheezing (5.8%) and decreasing breath sound (1.9%), Chest X-ray was abnormal in 51/9% (Interstitial opacities 50% & Air-space densities 1.9%) PFT was abnormal in 30.8% (obstructive 15.4%, restrictive 9.6%, mixed pattern 5.8%). Conclusion: This study showed a high prevalence of lung involvement in beginning of rheumatoid arthritis, so we recommend to perform diagnostic investigation of pulmonary involvement (PFT, Chest X-ray, …) in beginning of RA.}, Keywords = {Arthritis Rheumatoid, Lung, Lung Function Test }, volume = {17}, Number = {66}, pages = {66-73}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-315-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-315-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Ahmadizad, S and Khavanin, A and Farokhi, M}, title = {Survey The Possibility of Biodegradability of Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE) by Isolated Microorganisms of Activated Sludges in the Aqueous Solutions and Effects of Stimulator Substances on Biodegradation}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) has been incorporated in reformulated gasoline at concentrations up to 15% (vol) to replace lead tetraethyl in order to comply with the octane index and to reduce the polluting emissions in exhaust gases.This compound is water soluble (48,000 mg/L) and one of the most common pollutants of ground water and surface water. Because of its undesirable effects on drinking water and ecologically harmful effects, MTBE removal has become a public health and environmental concern. Objective: Evaluatin of biodegradability of MTBE by isolated microorganisms from activated sludge. Materials and Methods: In this study a microbial consortium that efficiently degraded methyl tert-butyl ether was obtained by Isolated microorganisms of Activated Sludges in the Aqueous Solutions. Microorganisms were isolated from a variety of sources, generally from petroleum or chemical and urban wastewater treatment plants. All experiments were conducted at a constant temperature of 25ºC. Vials of 50 ml and 125 ml volume sealed with Teflon-lined Mini-Nert caps were used for microcosm experiments. In all experiments 1% sodium azide were used as controls. Cultures were incubated at 25°C in the dark on an orbital shaker (rotation speed of 150 rpm). The mineral medium was used for batch cultures. Samples of bacterial cultures that metabolize MTBE have been analysed for both MTBE and its metabolite TBA by direct GC analysis using FID. Cultures able to metabolize MTBE have been found in activated sludge and soils. Microbial consortium were plated on agar with MTBE vapor as the carbon source. After three weeks growth to saturation, independent clones were diluted into fresh mineral medium. This microorganisms, was a gram-positive bacterium. An aerobic microbial consortium able to biodegrade methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) was enriched in laboratory for four months. Results: MTBE has been shown to biodegrade under aerobic conditions and cometabolic conditions. Clearly, aerobic biodegradation of MTBE is demonstrable. In our laboratory, a microbial consortium was isolated from activated sludges based on its ability to grow on MTBE and was identified as cocobacillus. The capacity of this microbial consortium to degrade and grow on MTBE as a sole carbon and energy source is described in this paper. No biomass aggregates were observed during all the batch cultures, but the attached biomass was observed (the concentration of the initial attached biomass was about 0.11 g/ L of dry weight). 500 mg of yeast extract per liter and 20 mg of Peat humic support growth of microbial consortium, it clearly had a stimulatory effect on consumption upper than 20%. Consortium was capable of degrading concentration as great as 1000 mg/l MTBE, whereas concentrations of 1000 mg/l MTBE and higher was not degraded. Conclusion: MTBE in low concenteration is biodegradable and biodegradability of MTBE enhanced by stimulator substances.}, Keywords = {Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE), Biodegradation, Sewage}, volume = {17}, Number = {66}, pages = {76-86}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-316-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-316-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Panahande, Z and Pakzad, Z and Ashoori, R}, title = {Survey the Prevalence, Knowledge and Practice of Guilan University Students about Dysmenorrhea}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common problems of young girls and women and cause of absent of work and school. Objective: Determine the prevalence, knowledge and practice of university students about dysmenorrhea. Materials and Methods: In this cross- sectional study 380 female university students were selected by random multistage cluster sampling method in 2005. Data were collected by a self-administered questionnaire. It consisted of demographic, knowledge and practice questions. Based on the scores the knowledge was divided into weak, intermediate and appropriate. Performance questions were analyzed separately. Results: Prevalence of dysmenorrhea was 73.2% and 15.3% of them had appropriate information. Knowledge in married and older students and home that their mothers had high education was higher than others. There was statiscal relationship between knowledge and age. The first source of information and the first counselor for decreasing menstrual discomfort was their mothers (57%) and (21%) respectively. About 6% of students used appropriate food, 54.7% had good personal hygiene and 85% had appropriate daily physical activity during menstruation. Conclusion: Prevalence of dysmenorrhea was similar to the other studies, level of information about dysmenorrhea was low. Most of students didn't use appropriate food during menstruation.}, Keywords = {Awareness, Dysmenorrhea, Prevalence}, volume = {17}, Number = {66}, pages = {87-94}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-317-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-317-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Ghofrani, H and Siri, G and Shafaghi, A and Froutan, H and Kalani, M and Shahbazkhani, B and NasiriToosi, M and Ashrafi, SH}, title = {Survey The Laparoscopic, Biochemical and Clinical Findings in Patients with Exudative Ascites of Unknown Origin}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: The etiology of exudative ascites cannot always be diagnosed accurately. Laparoscopy could be used as an appropriate diagnostic modality in these cases. Objective: Evaluate the laparoscopic, biochemical and clinical findings in patients with exudative ascites of unknown etiology. Materials and Methods: In a case-series study, we studied the data of 67 patients with exudative ascites of unknown etiology who under went diagnostic laparoscopy in endoscopy ward of Imam Khomeini Hospital from 2002 to 2005. Demographic data complaints clinical, laboratory and laparoscopic findings were evaluated and the accurate etiology of exudative ascites was determined. Man Whitney and Fischer’s exact test were used for statistical analysis. P values less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The most common cause of exudative ascites was carcinomatous peritonitis then tuberculosis and lymphoma. Tuberculosis peritonitis was the most common etiology of exudative ascites in afghan immigrants. Abdominal masses were only palpated in cases of malignancy. Uniform micronodules and fibrous bands were observed in tuberculous peritonitis. Icter was observed in half of the patients with Budd-chiari Syndrome and lymphoma. Hepatomegaly was mostly seen in Budd-chiari Syndrome and neoplasms. Conclusion:Carcinomatous peritonitis, tuberculosis and lymphoma were the most common causes of exudative ascites of unknown etiology.}, Keywords = {Ascites,Exudates and Transudates, Laboratory Techniques and Procedures, Laparoscopy}, volume = {17}, Number = {66}, pages = {95-102}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-319-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-319-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Falahatkar, S and Mohammadzadeh, A and Nikpour, S and Khoshrang, H}, title = {A Case Report of Adrenal Neurofibroma Surgical by Laparoscopy in Middle East}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Now a days, the increased use of abdominal ultrasound and CT scanning has led to the frequent finding of unexpected adrenal masses, which named incideltaloma. Unsuspected adrenal masses have been detected in 0.6-1.3% of upper abdominal CT scan. Case report: The case was a 24 years old woman who had vauge pain in her right flank. In sonography one mass, 5 cm diameter, in retroperitoneoum and right kidney was observed which had shifted renal vein to anterior .In CT scan, one mass, sized 4.6χ 39 mm, in anatomic size of right adrenal with significant enhancement and central hypodensity was observed which had moved renal vein to anterior. The patient underwent transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy and in pathology, neurofibroma was reported.}, Keywords = {Neurofibroma, Adrenal tumors, Pheochromocytoma, Laparoscopy }, volume = {17}, Number = {66}, pages = {103-107}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-320-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-320-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Roghani, M and Baluchnejadmojarad, T and Ogbi, K}, title = {Survey the Effect of Feeding of Allium Latifolium on Contractile Reactivity of Aorta of Diabetic Rats}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is accompanied with a higher incidence of cardiovascular disorders and atherosclerosis. With regard to antidiabetic potential of derivatives of Allium latifolium (AL), the effect of oral administration of this plant on the contractile reactivity of isolated aorta in diabetic rats was investigated during 6 weeks. Objective: Survey the Effect of Feeding of Allium Latifolium on Contractile Reactivity of Aorta of Diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: In this study male wistar rats (n=32) were randomly divided into 4 groups, i.e. control, AL-treated control, diabetic, and AL-treated diabetic groups. For induction of diabetes, streptozotocin (60 mg/kg i.p.) was used. The treatment groups received oral administration of plant-mixed standard pelleted food (6.25%) for 6 weeks. After 6 weeks, contractile reactivity of aortic rings to KCl and nor adrenaline was determined by using isolated tissue setup. Results: Serum glucose level in diabetic group increased during 6 weeks after the experiment as compared with one week before the study (p<0.001) AL treatment of diabetic rats showed a significant hypoglycemic effect (p<0.01). In addition, the latter group showed a lower contraction to KCl (P<0.05) and nor adrenaline (P<0.01) as compared with diabetic group. Meanwhile, there was no significant difference between control and AL-treated control groups regarding contractile reactivity. Conclusion: use of Oral administration of AL for 6 weeks can attenuate the contractile responsiveness of the vascular system and this may prevent the development of hypertension in diabetic rats.}, Keywords = {Aortic disorders, Diabetes mellitus, medicinal plants, Rats}, volume = {17}, Number = {65}, pages = {1-6}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-321-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-321-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Sharami, S.H and Fakour, F and AtrkarRoshan, Z and Shakiba, M and Honarbakhsh, M}, title = {Survey the Ratio of Random Urine Protein to Creatinine and 24 Hours Urine Protein as a Alternative Method for Diagnosis of Preeclampsia}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Preeclampsia is the most common complication of pregnancies and one of the three major causes of maternal mortality. So diagnosis of disease and minimizing the complications on mother and newborn is very important. Objective: Determine the association between the ratio of random urine protein to creatinine and 24-hour urine protein in women with suspected preeclapmsia who referred to Alzahra hospital. Materials and Methods: Sixty women with suspected preeclampsia at>20 weeks of gestation were studied prospectively. The ratio of protein to creatinine and 24-hour urine protein was obtained. Data were analyzed by t-test, Pearson correlation and ROC curve. Results: Thirty five percent of the studied population had significant proteinuria. There was a significant moderate correlation between the ratio of protein to creatinine and 24-hour total protein (r=0.511, p-value< 0.0001). The area under the curve was 82% (%95 CI, 0.72-0.93). The data suggest that a cut-off equal or more than 0.22 has the most sensitivity, specifity, and predictive value. Conclusion: According to the results, the ratio of random protein to creatinine was not moderately correlated with the standard test of 24-hour urine protein and can not be performed as the alternative method for diagnosis of preeclampsia.}, Keywords = {Creatinine, Preeclampsia, Proteinuria}, volume = {17}, Number = {65}, pages = {7-14}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-322-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-322-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Shamimi, K and Alaviyon, M and Moazami, F and Jalali, S.M}, title = {Evaluation the Risk Factors of Surgical Site Infection after Elective Colorectal Operations}, abstract ={Abstract Introductions: Surgical Site Infection (SSI) is the most commonly reported nosocomial infection among hospital surgical inpatients. Determining measurable perioperative factors for SSI may provide information on reducing complications and improving outcome. Objective: Assess the predictive risk factors of tissue and wound complications in open colorectal operation patients. Materials and Methods: We studied 186 consecutive patients who underwent elective colorectal operation (due to pathologies such as colon cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, familial adenomatous polyposis and so on) in a cohort study between February 2004 and September 2006 in a tertiary hospital. The main outcome of surgical site infection included incision or organ/space. Multivariate analysis was performed to assess the independent association of every factor with SSI. Also odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval were reported. Results: The mean age of patients was 49.4±16.5 year, and 50.5% were females. The most common preoperative diagnoses included colorectal cancer (84.9%) and familial adenomatous polyposis (10.7%). Eighteen (9.7%) of patients suffered SSI. Of measured variables, mechanical preparation with an OR=0.053 & p value=0.002, smoking (OR=29.422 and p value=0.011), type of wound (OR=12.87 and p value=0.01), operation time (OR=3.14 and p value=0.001) and colostomy (OR=12.42 and p value=0.019) independently predicted SSI. Conclusions: The incidence of SSI in patients who underwent elective colorectal operation in present study could conform to results of the previous studies literature. Perioperative mechanical preparation, smoking, type of wound, operation time and colostomy independently predicted.}, Keywords = {Colorectal Surgery, Risk Factors, Surgical wound Infection}, volume = {17}, Number = {65}, pages = {15-25}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-323-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-323-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Shahsavari, F and Habibzadeh, R}, title = {Microscopic Survey of Periapical Lesions in Extracted Teeth}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Some of periapical lesions could be observed in a radiograph but the exact diagnosis is reach after microscopic evaluation. Unfortunately, in many cases periapical lesions are not diagnose because lack of a radiograph and then the dentist may pull the lesion out completely or incompletely. In this situation remains of the lesion can creat next problems. Objective: Determine frequency of periapical lesions among extracted teeth and classify them according to microscopic evaluation. Materials and Methods: This is a cross- sectional study. It was done in dental’s offices and clinics in Rasht during 8 weeks, forty two lesions were collected among 5900 extracted teeth. The information was recorded and the lesions were sent within formalin10% to Pathology Laboratory in Poursina Hospital. The lesions were sliced by microtome, Stained (H and E), and then they were observed by a pathologist. The lesions were classified and statistical analysis was done by EPI calculator and SPSS 11.5. Results: 42 teeth (0.71%) had periapical lesions among 5900 extracted teeth. After microscopic evaluation the lesions were classified as periapical granuloma (57.14%), periapical cyst (33.33%) and other lesions (9.53%). In this study the frequency of the lesions was similar in both sex, and patients often were between 3rd to 5th decades of their life. The must frequent location of the lesions in the jaw was in the posterior of maxilla, posterior of mandible, anterior of maxilla and anterior of mandible consequently. Conclusion: Almost there are seven periapical lesions among 1000 extracted teeth. Although the frequency of periapical lesions seems to be infrequent, all the periapical lesions should be sent to laboratory because lesions like mural ameloblastoma and traumatic bone cyst might be needed different treatment.}, Keywords = {Perpapical ِ Diseases, Periapical Granuloma, Radicular Cyst, Tooth Extraction }, volume = {17}, Number = {65}, pages = {26-34}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-324-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-324-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Saffar, M.J and Khalilian, A and Ajami, A and Saffar, H and Qaheri, A}, title = {Diphtheria and Tetanus Immunity in Placenta and two Months Infant}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Maternal immunization provides potential means for protecting infants against some infections with universal application. Objective: This study was designed to determine the levels of immunity against Diphtheria and Tetanus in mothers & their two mounths old infants who reffered for vaccination, and evaluate the relation of mothers vaccination on their infants immunity and determine the ratio of mothers who didn’t observe the vaccination during pregnancy. Materials and Methods: Sera were collected from 110 mother-infant pairs before DTwP vaccination and from 69 infants after receipt of three doses of DTP vaccine. Anti diphtheria, anti tetanus toxins IgG levels were measured by ELIZA. History of DT vaccination of mothers at pregnancy was recorded .The mean concentration of antibodies against diphtheria and tetanus in mother and their infants before vaccination and in infants after receipt of 3doses of DTwP vaccine were measured and compared by paired t-test. Results: Of 110 mothers, 22 (20%) did not receive dT vaccine. Of these 22 unvaccinated mothers, one (4.5%) and six (27.2%) were serologically susceptible to tetanus and diphtheria respectively. The mean concentrations of antibodies titers of unvaccinated mothers were significantly lower than vaccinated mothers. All infants acquired immunity against both infections after receipt of three doses of DTP vaccine. Infants’ immune response to DTP was not affected by maternal immunization Conclusion: Diphtheria – tetanus toxoids components of DTP vaccine were highly immunologenic, According to lack of vaccination in pregnancy, more effort must be made to increase the coverage rate of this highly immunogenic vaccine to sustain protection against diphtheria and tetanus}, Keywords = {Diphtheria, Diphtheria, Tetanus- Pertussis Vaccine, Infant, Immunity, Placenta, pregnancy, Tetanus, Tetanus Vaccine}, volume = {17}, Number = {65}, pages = {35-43}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-325-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-325-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Voshtani, S.H and Esmaeili, H and Sobhani, A.R}, title = {Survey of Prevalence, Etiology and Associated Factors of Heart Murmurs and Extrasounds in the First-Grade Students in Rasht, 2006-7}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Heart murmurs are common findings of physical examination of children, but most of them are innocent. Recognizing the etiology and associated factors with heart murmurs can help us in differential diagnosis of them. In attention to high prevalence of heart murmurs and low prevalence of congenital heart diseases in children, diagnosis of the innocent murmur with pathologic murmur is important. Objective: Determine the prevalence of heart murmurs and extra sounds, etiology and associated factors in the heart of the first-grade students in Rasht, 2006-7. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 4080 first-grade students in Rasht. At first, all students were examined by educated physicians and the cases with positive findings in cardiovascular examination were referred to the clinic of pediatric cardiology hospital. Echocardiography, Electrocardiography and if it was necessary Chest X ray, Angiography and Laboratory evaluations were performed for the students with a murmur and heart extra sound who were examined by pediatric cardiologist. Following the determination of definitive diagnosis and complementary history from the parents of the children, all collected data were analyzed by SPSS 15. Results: Among 4080 students (2055 boys,2025girls), 320students (7.8%) had a heart murmur and extra sound that among of them 292 students(7.15%) had a murmur and 52 students (1.27%) had a extra sound .The prevalence of innocent and pathologic murmurs in the girls were (4.88% and 2.12%) and in the boys were (4.91% and 2.38%), respectively . The prevalence of congenital heart diseases (except MVP) were 1.8%, including MR (0.93%), TR (0.51%), TVP (0.147%), VSD (0.12%), PS (0.12%), ASD (0.07%), PI (0.07%),AS(0.02%),PDA(0.02%),PPH(0.02%) and Ebstein anomaly (0.02%). The prevalence of MVP was 2.38% and in the girls it was 1.2 times more than in the boys (p<0.05). The most frequency of pathologic murmurs were in the children which their mothers were 35-39 years old (51%). The relative frequency of pathologic murmurs in the children, which their mothers used ranitidine and NSAID in the pregnancy, were higher than in other groups. The relative frequency of pathologic murmurs in the children, which their mothers used hair dyes during pregnancy (37%) was higher than the other group (28%). Conclusion: The present study confirms previous studies, which murmurs are most common finding in children and most of them are innocent. There is no requirement for diagnostic and therapeutic modality. On the other hand, children with pathological murmurs ought to be referred to a pediatric cardiologist for evaluation and treatment.}, Keywords = {Child, Heart Defects- Congenital, Heart Murmurs,Heart sounds, Prevalence}, volume = {17}, Number = {65}, pages = {50-58}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-327-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-327-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Seyam, SH}, title = {Survey of Women’s Knowledge about Aids in Rasht 2006}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a global problem that is spreading in all countries of the world and our country too. Thus, befor the salient prevalence of this diseas must be controlled it. In this way we need the training for increasing of the person’s knowledge. Objective: Determin Rasht women’s knowledge about Aids and evaluat relation between knowledge and demographic variables. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive cross sectional study. Women were selected by cluster random sampling in different area of Rasht. The questionnaire and interview were used for collection of data and information. The findings and data were analyzed by chi-square test. Results: The level of knowledge was distinguished base on their information about transmission and prevention and affection of Aids. The results showed 60.22% of women had low and 29.67% medial and 10.11% high information about Aids. In this study, (96%) of women believed to necessary of training about Aids and majority of them mentiond radio and television are the best ways for education Also, There are significant relation between variable such as: age,level of education,Occupation, marital status with knowledge of Aids. Conclusion: By attention to low level of women’s knowledge about Aids, suggested more training about transmission and prevention ways of Aids for reducing of it’s affection.}, Keywords = {Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Knowledge, Women}, volume = {17}, Number = {65}, pages = {59-67}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-328-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-328-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {DehnadiMoghadam, A and Yousefzadechabok, SH and Hemati, H and Shabani, S}, title = {Comparison the Number of Triaged Patients in Three Working Shift in Poursina Hospital in Rasht}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Triage defined as selecting patients based on the severity of injury and performing the best management for the majority of patients in a short time. Triage is a strong administrative tool for providing emergency services. According to situations, it divided into: normal urgent triage and emergent condition triage. The former is performed in emergency ward of a hospital and the latter in the accident field. Objective: Comparison of the number of triaged patients in normal urgent condition at different triage levels in accordance with months of the spring and three working shifts. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional retrospective study was performed in Poursina teaching hospital during three months of the spring (21 March-21 June 2006). Patients triaged in three working shifts. Data were registered in Emergency Service Work Shifts Form (approved by Ministry of Health, Treatment, and Medical Education). According to this form, patients were classified to inpatients and outpatients groups, then they allocated to one of the following levels: Emergent, Urgent, and Non-urgent. Results: Among 30.746 admitted patients, 25.525(82.97%) were outpatients, 5.214 (16.95%) were inpatients, and 25(0.08%) died. 203(3.89%) patients transported by EMS ambulances, 960 (18.41%) by referee hospital ambulances, and 4.051 (77.70%) by themselves or others. The mean number of inpatients on night shift had a statistically significant difference of morning and evening shifts. The same was true for outpatients between morning and evening and night shifts. The majority of inpatients, 2.104 (40.30%) admitted on the night shift and the majority of outpatients, 12.443 (48.21%) on the morning shift. There was a statistically significant difference between the mean of triaged patients at the emergent and urgent levels among the three work shifts (night vs. morning and evening shifts, p< 0.05). Conclusion: Regarding the majority of admissions on the night shift, pay more attention to this shift can play a pivotal role in saving lives. Therefore, it appears that conducting more studies about the different aspects of this issue is necessary.}, Keywords = {Emergency Service- Hospital, Trauma, Triage}, volume = {17}, Number = {65}, pages = {68-76}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-329-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-329-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Sheikholeslami, H and Kani, K and Ziaee, A}, title = {Survey of Precipitating Factors of Suicide Attempts in Persons Who Referred to Emergency Department}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Survey of suicide attempts and its precipitating factors is important because 30% to 60% of suicides were preceded by an attempt, and 10% to 40% of suicide attempters eventually kill themselves. Objective: to assess the precipitating factors of suicide attempts and to evaluate relation between general psychiatric symptoms and repetition of suicidal attempts. Materials and Methods: This is a cross sectioned study which included 575 suicide attempts patients who referred to Boali sina hospital in Qzvin between 2004 and 2005 years. All patients completed a self- report questionnaire and questionnaire about socio-demographic and family variables and other general and specific characteristics. Results: The mean age of patients who attempted suicide ware 23.2±8.2 years (the ratio of female to male was 1:2.4 and range of 13 to 74 years old). The most suicide attempt was between 15 to 24 years-old in both sexes. The most common method of suicide attempts was drug-poisoning for both sexes in all areas, Self-poisoning with agricultural pesticides in rural areas. The most common precipitating problems that were reported by the patients were conflict between married couples and parents, break up of a love relationship and mental illnesses. Mean total and subscales scores on GHQ was significantly higher in patients with history of previous attempt. Conclusion: According to Economic- cultural and social difference there are pivotal differences in suicidal behaviors and suicide precipitating factors in different countries. And prevention of suicidal behaviors and control of its precipitating factors need a comprehensive multi-sectoral approach rather than an intervention inside the health sector.}, Keywords = {Epidemiology, Iran, Suicide}, volume = {17}, Number = {65}, pages = {77-87}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-330-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-330-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Naderi, B and Haghighi, M and Sedighinezhad, A and Mohammadzade, A and Mirzazadeh, B}, title = {The Comparison of Different Propofol Dose for Anesthesia Induction Based on BIS (bispectral index) Monitoring}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Propofol is a new intravenous hypnotic drug that in combine with a short acting opioid have been used in total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA). The BIS provides additional information for standard monitoring techniques to recognize depth of sleep and achieve the appropriate dose of drug. Objective: Comparison of different propofol dose for anesthesia induction based on BIS (bispectral index) monitoring. Materials and Methods: forty five patients with ASA class I,II who underwent surgical operation on leg fracture were randomly assigned to 3 groups. Group A with a propofol dose of 1mg/kg, Group B at a dose of 1.5mg/kg and Group C at a dose of 2mg/kg were studied .Remifentanyl (0.5mcg/kg) was added to propofol as opioid drug. The method of BIS index (50-60) has been used for determination of consciousness level and the depth of sleep and for achieving the appropriate dose of propofol. The patients were evaluated to determine occurrence of hypotension, bradycardia, the presence of intubation movement and the autonomic signs. Results: The mean levels of BIS was 58.8±9.85 in the Group A, 50.2±6.55 in Group B, and 44±5.65 in Group C. Comparison between the mean levels of BIS revealed that the Group A was significantly different with the other two groups(p=0.009).Optimum level of BIS was significantly different in 3 groups .group B (%66.7), group A (%40), group C(%20), less than of all groups (P=0.034). Hypertension incidence following intubation in group A was 33.3% and Group B was (%6.7)and in group C wasn’t any hypertension which detected a significantly different between three groups(P=0.018). Regarding to need further propofol dose, there was a significant difference(P<0.001). In group A, it was in %40 of cases, and in groups B and C it was not observed. Regarding to tachycardia, bradycardia, hypotension, movement and autonomic signs, there was no significantly different between 3 groups. Conclusion: It was appeared that group A is not appropriate due to incompatible with BIS, need Further propofol dose and hypertension. Considering the best BIS level in group B and lack of any benefit in group C for further propofol in achieving the optimum level of BIS (50-60), can be concluded that group B with propofol (1.5mg/kg) is the best dose for achieving the desired level of BIS with remifentanil at the mentioned dose.}, Keywords = {BIS, Propofol, TIVA}, volume = {17}, Number = {65}, pages = {88-93}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-331-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-331-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Yousefi-Koma, A}, title = {FDG-PET/CT Scan in Different Non- Hodgkin Lymhoma According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Classification System}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: According to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification Lymphoid neoplasms are categorized into 3 major groups: Hodgkin’s disease (HD) and the non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (NHL) of B-cell or T-cell/natural killer (NK) cell origin. Few dedicated reports have been published about metabolic imaging by FDG-PET CT in different subtypes of NHL accordig to who classification.. Objective: Determine the reliability of FDG-PET-C Tin detection of different subtypes of NHL according to using the WHO classification. Materials and Methods: In a total of 164 patients with a histological proven non-Hodgkin lymphoma, FDG-PET/CT imaging was performed for staging (n=138) and restaging (n=26). FDG-uptake pattern according to different lymphoma subtypes was qualitatively evaluated Results: Distinctive FDG-uptake could reliably be seen in one site of all patients with DLBCL (n=77), mediastinal large b-cell lymphoma (n=12), mantel cell lymphoma(n=5), PTLD (n=5), anaplastic large cell (t cell) lymphoma (n=6), precursor B lymphoblastic lymphoma (n=1), plasmacytoma of sternum (n=2), splenic marginal zone lymphoma(n=1), precursor t lymphoblastic lymphoma of thymus (n=1), extranodal NK/t cell NHL NASAL type (n=3), primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell (t cell) lymphoma (n=2), angioimmuoblastic t cell lymphoma(n=1) and Burkitt lymphoma (n=2). One case of small lymphocytic lymphoma and one case of CLL were not detected by PET/CT. Evaluation of follicular lymphoma (86% positive) and MALT lymphoma (83% positive) revealed less reliable results. Conclusion: T-cell lymphomas and most B-cell lymphomas can be reliably evaluated by FDG-PET/CT imaging.}, Keywords = {non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma , FDG PET-CT , world health organization (WHO)}, volume = {17}, Number = {65}, pages = {94-99}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-332-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-332-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {MohtashamAmiri, Z and CirusBakht, S and NikRaveshRad, S.R}, title = {Cigarette Smoking Among Male High School Students in Rasht}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Numerous studies have indicated that more than 80% of adult current smokers started cigarette smoking before age 18 years. Early smoking initiation predicted longer duration of smoking, heavier daily consumption, and increase of chance of nicotine dependence. Objective: Determine the prevalence of cigarette smoking among male high school students in Rasht (2002). Methods and Materials: This is a cross sectional study, self– completion anonymous questionnaires were administered by 1400 male high school students. Who were selected base on a clustered sampling. The questionnaire consist of two sections, section one dealt with sociodemographic data, including age, education, marital status, parent’s education, cigarette use among parents and other family members and section two assessed details of use of cigarette at present time. Use or disuse of cigarette, rate of daily consumption, time of the first consumption, effective factors on consumption and tendency of leave of cigarette. Data were analyzed with SPSS 9 version and χ² test and multinomial logistic regression were used. Results: Among 1400 students 92% (1297 students) responded. The mean age of them was 16.2 ± 0.9 years (range from 14 to 18 years). 366 subjects (28.2%) were ever smokers and 195 subjects (15%) were current smokers. Among current smokers, 54.6% were irregular smokers, 45.5% were daily smokers that 24.8% were daily smokers with more than 1 cigarette per a day. Among smokers, the mean age for starting smoking was12.8 ± 2 years. In logistic regression models, cigarette use by friends and family members, history of failing in high school were associated with smoking. Conclusion: This study showed that cigarette smoking is important health problem among high school students. Its control need appropriate preventive programs in high school.}, Keywords = {Adoleslence, Epidemiology, Smoking, Students }, volume = {17}, Number = {65}, pages = {100-107}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-333-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-333-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Yaghmaei, M and Mokhtari, M and Roudbari, M and Harati, M and Rashidi, H and Dabiri, S and Moodi, Z}, title = {Comparison of the CRP and ESR Levels between Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome and Control Group}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Low grade chronic inflammation can predict persons with risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and type 2 diabetes. Women with Poly cystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) are insulin resistant and have high risk for CHD and type 2 diabetes. Objective: Evaluate the correlation between low grade chronic inflammation and PCOS. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was done on 27 women with PCOS who were defined base on irregular menstruation and elevated androgen (clinical hyperandrogenism or hyperandrogenemia) and 27 healthy women who were matched as a control group base on similar body mass index (BMI) and age. CRP, ESR, SHBG and Testosterone were measured in all women in both groups. Determine of insulin resistance was assessed by estimation the ratio of FBS/ to Fasting insulin. The mean of testosterone, SHBG, CRP, ESR and the ratio of FBS/ to Fasting Insulin in the two groups were compared by t- test and the correlation between BMI, testosterone, SHBG and ratio of FBS/ to fasting insulin with CRP and ESR were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: The finding showed: the mean of CRP was significantly difference in two groups and it was more in case group. (549/67 ± 378/38 & 2566 ± 10/22, P<0/001). The mean of ESR was 14/85 ± 12/22 and 7/74 ± 3/6 in case & control groups respectively and there was significant difference between them (P<0/007). Also, there were significantly relation between log CRP and log ESR with BMI, there were a reversed significant relation between them and SHBG. There wasn’t any relationship between log CRP & log ESR with testosteron. The collorate with FBS/Fasting Insulin and log CRP was significant and with log ESR was no significant. Conclusion: This study indicated that level of CRP and ESR in patients is higher than control group. It seems that low grade of chronic inflammation is a contributer factor to increase risk of CHD and type2 diabetes.}, Keywords = {C- reactive protein, Erythrocyte Sedimentation rate, Polycystic ovary syndrome}, volume = {17}, Number = {65}, pages = {108-116}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-334-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-334-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Forouhi, E}, title = {A Hydrophobicity Scale for the Amino Acids}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: The hydrophobic interaction is a major driving force behind many effects and phenomena in biological systems many hydrophobicity scales have already been proposed and have been used to predict the topography of proteins. Objective: In the present work based on some theoretical considerations a new hydrophobic scale for the amino acids is proposed. Materials and Methods: From the empirically justified assumptions that hydrophobicity of the amino acid residues as part of a polypeptide chain is dependent on the surface area and the electronegativity content of the residues, an equation which relates the hydrophobicity to the surface area and the number, and electro negativity of oxygen and nitrogen of the residue is proposed. From this equation a new hyrophobicity scale for the amino acids is obtained. Using this scale and a sliding window averaging method hrdrophobicity plots for the human melatonin receptor and prion protein (the cause of mad cow disease) are drawn and the intramembrane structure of melatonin mel1a receptor and hydrophobic core of the second half of the prion protein are determined and compared with those from literatures. Results: the proposed hydrophobicity scale in this work is in good agreement with that of Engelmann and coworkers. The intramembrane structure of melatonin receptor and the structure of the hydrophobic core of the prion protein predicted in this article are in good agreement with those proposed in the literatures. Conclusion: the proposed hydrophobicity scale in this work is suitable for predicting the topography of the tran membrane and globular proteins.}, Keywords = {Amino Acids/ Hydrophobicity, Prions, Receptors- Melatoin}, volume = {17}, Number = {65}, pages = {117-127}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-335-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-335-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Hashemian, H and Behboudi, H and Karambin, M.M}, title = {Anthrax: A Rare Cause of Periorbital Cellulitis and Cicatricial Ectropion}, abstract ={Abstract Introduction: Among the three human forms of anthrax (cutaneous, inhalational, and gastrointestinal), the cutaneous form is the most common disease (95%). Cutaneous anthrax is a rare cause of periorbital (preseptal) cellulitis, therefore, diagnosis and initiation of treatment may be delayed. On the other hand, without correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment, periorbital anthrax may result in sever local complications such as blindness and airway obstruction, or dissemination of the disease like bacteremia and meningitis. In this research was introduced a child with periorbital anthrax to present the clinical manifestation and progression of the disease and remind physicians to interest contagious cause of periorbital cellulitis. Case Report: A 2.5 years old boy from a rural area of Guilan who was suffered of a small erythematous papule in his right lower eyelid 5 days prior to admission. Then, the lesion progressed to a necrotic ulcer with a black central eschar, edema and erythema at the area around. Sever swelling of eyelids and edema occurred all over the face. Fever wasn’t observed. The child had repetitious contacts with domestic herbivores. CT scan of the orbit and paranasal sinuses showed soft tissue swelling only. Gram-positive rods were seen in the smear of exudate taken from cutaneous lesion but culture result showed negative. Treatment with intravenous ciprofloxacin, penicillin, and clindamycin resulted in clinical improvement but due to cicatricial ectropion formation, oculoplastic intervention was considered to be done. Conclusion: Physicians must consider it to be anthrax if any of the following symbols exists: a history of contact with domestic herbivores and animals, similar lesions in the family members, cutaneous necrotic ulcer with the characteristic black eschar and edema of the area around, and observing Gram-positive rods in scraped material taken from beneath the eschar edge or exudate of cutaneous lesions. Although anthrax of the eyelids is not common disease, it must be consider as in the differential diagnosis of periorbital cellulitis.}, Keywords = {Anthrax, Cellulitis, Ectropion, Eyelid}, volume = {17}, Number = {65}, pages = {128-133}, publisher = {}, url = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-336-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.gums.ac.ir/article-1-336-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2008} }