Background Chronic non-specific low back pain (CNSLBP) is a public health issue associated with a complex interaction of biopsychosocial factors. Electroencephalography (neurofeedback) is one of the methods used to assess and treat psychological factors associated with pain and increase awareness of the activity of different parts of the brain. 
Objective The present clinical trial investigates the effectiveness of neurofeedback training (NFBT) exercises on psychological variables (pain, disability, and kensiophobia) in women with CNSLBP.
Methods This was a clinical trial study. A total of 40 females with CNSLBP were recruited for the clinical trial. The patients were randomly divided into two groups, namely experimental and control (each group included 20 patients). The experimental group received NFBT for 8 weeks. Pain intensity, disability, and kinesiophobia were assessed via the visual analog scale, the Oswestry disability index, and the Tampa scale. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software, version 26. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to ensure the normality of the data distribution (P>0.05). The covariance test was used to compare results between groups.
Results The results showed that the NFBT had a significant difference in reducing pain (P=0.000, ƞ2=0.693), disability (P=0.005, ηp2=0.253), and kinesiophobia (P=0.000, ηp2=0.904).
Conclusion NFBT leads to a reduction in the perception of pain intensity, disability, and kinesiophobia; however, they do not address the underlying cause of pain in this group of patients. Instead, they only modulate the response to pain sensation processing.