Background The application of tissue engineering and stem cells has not yet reached clinical reality. In many cases, such as cell selection, delivery, viability and stability, the time-consuming nature of treatments, regulatory issues, high costs and the need to obtain licenses from health regulatory agencies for compliance with medical ethics have created limitations for tissue engineering.
Objective This study aims to describe the fabrication and use of bioscaffolds and biologically simulated bone materials and investigate the different methods used, their structures and scales from micro to macro levels in bone regeneration.
Methods In this review study, related articles from 2008 to 2023 were searched in the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases using the keywords bioscaffold, bone materials, biological materials, and bone repair. Finally, 95 eligible articles were selected and reviewed.
Results Studies showed that biomimetic methods, by combining structural design, surface modification, and the use of external physical stimuli, have created a great potential for bone regeneration. However, there are still significant challenges in this field at the clinical level.
Conclusion Based on the studies, in vivo bone regeneration may be possible through the combination of tissue structural simulation and external physical stimulation, reducing the dependence on exogenous cells and biochemical factors in bone tissue engineering. Scaffold-based bone tissue engineering therapies that are safe, convenient and, most importantly, cost-effective will have significant advantages in clinical applications.